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| Basic Behavioral Contingencies | |
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| The Reinforcer (Positive Reinforcer) | |
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| Reinforcement (Positive Reinforcement) | |
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| Escape (Negative Reinforcement) | |
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| Punishment (Positive Punishment) | |
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| Penalty (Negative Punishment) | |
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| Extinction (Following Reinforcement) and Recovery (Following Punishment) | |
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| Differential Reinforcement and Differential Punishment | |
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| Shaping | |
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| Motivation | |
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| Unlearned Reinforcers, Unlearned Aversive Stimuli, (Unconditioned Reinforcers, Unconditioned Punishers) and the Motivating Operation | |
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| Special Motivating Operations | |
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| Learned Reinforcers and Learned Aversive Stimuli (Conditioned Reinforcers and Conditioned Punishers) | |
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| Stimulus Control | |
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| Discrimination | |
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| Complex Stimulus Control | |
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| Imitation | |
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| Complex Behavioral Contingencies | |
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| Avoidance | |
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| Punishment by Prevention (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior-- DRO) | |
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| Ratio Schedules | |
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| Interval Schedules | |
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| Concurrent Contingencies | |
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| Behavioral Chains and Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate | |
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| Respondent Conditioning | |
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| Rule-Governed Behavior: Concepts | |
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| Rule-Governed Behavior: Applications | |
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| Rule-Governed Behavior: Theory | |
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| Pay for Performance | |
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| Sexuality (now on DickMalott.com) | |
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| Moral and Legal Control (now on DickMalott.com) | |
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| Behavioral Stability Across Time and Space | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| Transfer | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Jobs and Grad School | |
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| Jobs and Grad School (now on DickMalott.com) | |
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| Basic Behavioral Contingencies | |
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| The Reinforcer (Positive Reinforcer) | |
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| Reinforcer | |
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| Behavior | |
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| Behavior Analysis | |
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| Behavior Analyst | |
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| Repertoire | |
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| Behavioral Intervention | |
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| Make Sure Your Assumed Reinforcer Really Reinforces | |
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| The Label "Autistic" | |
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| Biological Evolution and Reinforcers | |
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| Reinforcement (Positive Reinforcement) | |
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| Reinforcement Contingency | |
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| Behavioral Contingency | |
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| The "Noncontingent" Delivery of Reinforcers | |
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| The Delivery of Reinforcers Before the Behavior | |
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| Behavior Analysis vs. Bribery | |
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| Circular Reasoning and The Error of Reification | |
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| Medical-Model Myth | |
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| Circular Reasoning and the Medical-Model Myth | |
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| How to Talk About Behavior | |
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| Reinforce Behavior, not People | |
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| Reinforcer vs. Reinforcement | |
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| Comments on Reinforcement | |
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| Escape (Negative Reinforcement) | |
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| Aversive Stimulus | |
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| "Aversive" vs. "Adversive" | |
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| Escape Contingency | |
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| Reinforcement by the Presentation of a Reinforcer vs. Reinforcement by the Removal of an Aversive Stimulus | |
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| Undesirable Behavior Maintained by Reinforcement by the Removal of Aversive Conditions | |
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| Functional Assessment, Not Just a Quick Fix | |
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| Sick Social Cycle (Victim's Escape Model) | |
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| Learning without Awareness | |
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| Fear, Parsimony, and Elegance | |
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| Psychiatry vs. Psychology | |
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| Psychoanalysis vs. Behavior Analysis | |
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| The Toothpaste Theory of Abnormal Behavior | |
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| Positive and Negative Reinforcers and Positive and Negative Reinforcement | |
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| Punishment (Positive Punishment) | |
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| Punishment Contingency | |
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| Escape vs. Punishment | |
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| Escape: Reinforcement by the Removal of an Aversive Condition | |
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| Punishment: Punishment by the Presentation of an Aversive Condition | |
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| Overcorrection | |
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| Sick Social Cycle (Victim's Punishment Model) | |
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| Punishment and Reinforcement | |
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| Confusion between Punishment and Aggression | |
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| Dependent Variable and Independent Variable | |
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| Multiple-Baseline Designs | |
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| Informed Consent and Social Validity | |
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| Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment | |
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| The Myth of the Ineffectiveness of Punishment | |
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| Penalty (Negative Punishment) | |
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| Penalty Contingency | |
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| Response Cost | |
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| Time-out | |
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| Penalty vs. The Three Other Basic Behavioral Contingencies | |
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| The Law of Effect | |
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| Penalty and Reinforcement | |
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| Penalty, Response Cost, and Time-out | |
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| Reversal Designs | |
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| Extinction (Following Reinforcement) and Recovery (Following Punishment) | |
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| Extinction Following Reinforcement | |
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| Extinction Bursts and Spontaneous Recovery | |
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| Extinction Following Reinforcement vs. Penalty Contingencies (Response Cost and Time-out) | |
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| Recovery from Punishment | |
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| Extinction vs. Satiation | |
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| Extinction and Recovery | |
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| Extinction after Reinforcement | |
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| Extinction after Escape Training | |
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| The Moral Necessity to Evaluate Interventions | |
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| Recovery From Punishment vs. Spontaneous Recovery From Extinction | |
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| Confounded Variables | |
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| Control Condition | |
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| Differential Reinforcement and Differential Punishment | |
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| Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) | |
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| Task Analysis | |
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| Response Dimensions | |
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| Response Classes | |
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| The Differential-Reinforcement Procedure | |
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| Differential Reinforcement vs. Reinforcement | |
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| Differential Punishment | |
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| Frequency Graphs | |
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| Control Group | |
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| Shaping | |
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| Shaping with Reinforcement | |
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| Differential-Reinforcement vs. Shaping with Reinforcement | |
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| Shaping with Punishment | |
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| Variable-Outcome Shaping | |
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| Fixed-Outcome Shaping vs. Variable-Outcome Shaping | |
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| Shaping vs. Getting in Shape | |
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| Shaping vs. Behavioral Chaining | |
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| Motivation | |
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| Unlearned Reinforcers, Unlearned Aversive Stimuli, (Unconditioned Reinforcers, Unconditioned Punishers) and the Motivating Operation | |
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| Unlearned Reinforcers and Aversive Stimuli | |
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| Deprivation and Satiation | |
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| The Effectiveness of Reinforcement Contingencies | |
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| The Effectiveness of Penalty Contingencies | |
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| Motivating Operations | |
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| The Reflexive Motivating Operation | |
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| The Nature of the Reinforcer or Aversive Stimulus | |
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| The Premack Principle | |
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| The Theory of Direct and Indirect Biological Relevance | |
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| Special Motivating Operations | |
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| Aggression | |
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| Pain-Motivated Aggression | |
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| Extinction-Motivated Aggression | |
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| Subtle Aggression | |
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| Drug Addiction | |
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| Addictive Reinforcers | |
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| A Behavior-Analytic Theory of Aggression | |
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| Learned Reinforcers and Learned Aversive Stimuli (Conditioned Reinforcers and Conditioned Punishers) | |
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| How are Learned Reinforcers Learned? | |
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| Token Economy | |
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| Learned Aversive Stimuli | |
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| Extinction vs. the Unlearning of Learned Reinforcers and Learned Aversive Stimuli | |
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| Conditional Stimulus | |
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| Learned Reinforcers and Learning Language | |
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| Hedonic and Instrumental Learned Reinforcers and Aversive Stimuli | |
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| Proof of a Learned Reinforcer | |
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| Determining the Effectiveness of Tokens as Reinforcers | |
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| Stimulus Control | |
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| Discrimination | |
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| Discrimination Training Based on Reinforcement (Positive Reinforcement) | |
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| Discrimination Training Based on Escape (Negative Reinforcement) | |
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| Discrimination Training Based on Punishment (Positive Punishment) | |
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| Reinforcement-Based Discriminative Stimuli vs. Punishment-Based Discriminative Stimuli | |
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| The Differential Reinforcement Procedure vs. The Stimulus-Discrimination Procedure | |
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| Differential-Punishment and Stimulus-Discrimination Procedures Using Punishment | |
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| Transfer of Training | |
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| Verbal Behavior (A.K.A. Language) | |
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| Prompts | |
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| Requirements for Effective Discrimination Training | |
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| Discriminative Stimulus vs. Before Condition | |
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| Discriminative Stimulus vs. Operandum | |
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| Discriminative Stimulus vs. Nondiscriminated Reinforcement Contingency | |
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| Complex Stimulus Control | |
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| Stimulus Class, Stimulus Generalization, and Concept Training | |
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| Conceptual Control and Other Concepts | |
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| Discrimination vs. Generalization | |
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| Stimulus Dimensions and Fading | |
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| Response Shaping, Stimulus Fading, and Reinforcer Reduction | |
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| Stimulus-Generalization Gradients | |
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| Training with Intermittent Reinforcement | |
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| Testing in Extinction | |
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| Amount of Generalization vs. Amount of Discrimination | |
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| Science and Objectivity | |
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| Matching to Sample | |
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| Stimulus Equivalence | |
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| Equivalence Class vs. Stimulus Class | |
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| Imitation | |
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| Establishing Imitation | |
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| Generalized Imitation | |
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| Added vs. Built-in Contingencies for Imitation | |
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| The Importance of Imitation | |
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| How Do You Know if it's Really Imitation? | |
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| Imitation as a Prerequisite to Learning Language | |
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| An Adequate Control Condition to Show Reinforcement | |
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| Complex Behavioral Contingencies | |
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| Avoidance | |
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| Avoidance Contingency | |
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| Avoidance of an Aversive Condition | |
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| Avoidance-of-Loss Contingency | |
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| Escape vs. Avoidance | |
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| Cued Avoidance | |
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| Continuous-Response Avoidance | |
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| Noncued Avoidance | |
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| Avoidance of the Loss of a Reinforcer | |
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| Avoidance of an Aversive Condition vs. Punishment By the Presentation of an Aversive Condition | |
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| Differential Punishment vs. Differential Avoidance | |
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| Avoidance of Loss of a Reinforcer vs. Punishment by Removal of a Reinforcer | |
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| Warning Stimulus vs. Discriminative Stimulus | |
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| Cued Avoidance and Conditional Aversive Stimuli | |
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| Teleology | |
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| Punishment by Prevention (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior-- DRO) | |
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| Punishment-by-Prevention-of-Removal Contingencies | |
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| Punishment-by Prevention-of-a-Reinforcer Contingencies | |
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| Prevention of the Presentation of a Reinforcer vs. Removal of a Reinforcer | |
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| The Four Basic Behavioral Contingencies and Their Prevention | |
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| Punishment by Prevention vs. Differential Reinforcement of Other behavior (DRO) | |
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| Ratio Schedules | |
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| Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| Fixed-Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| The Cumulative Graph | |
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| Variable-Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| Ratio Schedules of Escape and Penalty | |
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| Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement and Punishment in Everyday life | |
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| Discrete-Trial Procedures vs. Free-Operant Procedures | |
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| Interval Schedules | |
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| Fixed-Interval Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| Superstition in the Pigeon | |
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| Fixed-Time Schedules and Superstitious Behavior | |
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| Variable-Interval Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| Extinction and Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| Interval Schedules vs. Time Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| Ratio and Interval Schedules of Reinforcement | |
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| The Relation Between Rate of Responding and Rate of Reinforcement | |
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| Intermittent Reinforcement and Resistance to Extinction | |
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| Resistance to Extinction vs. Response Strength | |
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| Concurrent Contingencies | |
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| Concurrent Contingencies | |
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| Four Types of Concurrent Contingencies | |
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| Concurrent Contingencies and the Factors that Interfere with Language Learning | |
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| Biological Problems that Interfere with Language Learning | |
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| Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior | |
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| Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior vs. Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior | |
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| Symptom Substitution | |
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| Concurrent Contingencies of Reinforcement for Physically Incompatible Responses | |
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| Intervention (Treatment) Package | |
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| Concurrent Contingencies and the Matching Law | |
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| Behavioral Chains and Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate | |
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| Behavioral Chains | |
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| Dual-Functioning Chained Stimuli | |
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| Forward Chaining | |
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| Total-Task Presentation | |
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| Backward Chaining | |
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| Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL) | |
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| Ways to Reduce or Eliminate Undesirable Behavior | |
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| The Motivating Operation | |
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| Nonchained Behavioral Sequences | |
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| DRL vs. FI | |
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| Respondent Conditioning | |
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| Rule-Governed Behavior: Concepts | |
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| Ivan Pavlov | |
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| Respondent Conditioning | |
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| Respondent vs. Operant Conditioning | |
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| Respondent vs. Operant Pairing | |
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| Conditioning a Phobia | |
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| Higher-Order Respondent Conditioning | |
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| Respondent Extinction vs. Operant Extinction | |
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| Operant Treatment of Phobias | |
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| Systematic Desensitization | |
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| Respondent Conditioning of the Immune System | |
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| Stimulus Generalization in Respondent Conditioning | |
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| Conditioned Stimulus vs. Discriminative Stimulus | |
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| Rule-Governed Behavior: Applications | |
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| Feedback vs. Praise | |
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| Information Alone Does Not Reliably Influence Behavior | |
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| Multiple Baselines | |
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| Reinforcement of Covert Behavior vs. Rule-Governed Behavior | |
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| The Shift from Rule Control to Contingency Control | |
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| The Reinforceable Response Unit | |
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| Why Analogs to Avoidance are not Direct-Acting Contingencies | |
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| Rule-Governed Behavior: Theory | |
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| How Do Rules Govern Our Behavior | |
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| Rule Statements as Verbal (Analog) Pairing Procedures | |
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| The Myth of the Cause of Poor Self-Management | |
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| The Small, But Cumulative, Outcomes | |
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| The Improbable Outcomes | |
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| The Truth About the Causes of Poor Self-Management | |
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| What's Wrong With Small But Cumulatively Significant and Improbable Outcomes | |
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| Why Do We Miss Deadlines | |
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| The Secret of Performance Management | |
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| The Ineffective Natural Contingency | |
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| Effective Indirect-Acting Performance-Management Contingencies | |
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| An Analysis of Procrastination | |
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| An Interaction between the Probability and the Significance of the Outcome | |
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| Can We Build a World Free of Aversive Control | |
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| Pay for Performance | |
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| Direct-Acting or Indirect-Acting Contingency | |
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| Why is this Rule-Governed Behavior | |
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| The Ever-Present Deadline | |
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| Analog to Reinforcement or Avoidance | |
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| The Rule Statement as a Verbal Analog to a Pairing Procedure | |
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| What Should You Do When Performance is Poor | |
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| The Three-Contingency Model of Performance Management | |
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| Sexuality (now on DickMalott.com) | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| I'm a Woman Trapped in a Man's Body | |
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| A Man's Moves | |
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| Transsexuality | |
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| Higher-Order Respondent Conditioning | |
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| Respondent Extinction and Operant Extinction | |
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| Transgenderism: A Case Study of Moral and Legal Control | |
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| Is the Behavior that Produces Sexual Reinforcers Learned or Innate? | |
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| Is Gender Behavior Learned or Innate? | |
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| Is the Reinforcing Value of Sexual Stimulation Learned or Unlearned (Innate)? | |
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| Is the Reinforcing And Punishing Value Of Different Sources Of Sexual Stimulation Learned Or Innate? | |
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| Other Data Suggesting Our Innate Sexual Flexibility | |
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| If Sexual Orientation Is Not Innate, Is It Chosen? | |
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| Evidence for Biological Determinism | |
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| Is Homophobia Learned or Innate? | |
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| Sexuality Definitions | |
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| To Intervene Or Not To Intervene | |
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| Moral and Legal Control (now on DickMalott.com) | |
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| Goal-Directed Systems Design | |
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| Contingencies for the Good Life | |
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| Five Philosophical Views Of Psychology | |
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| Behavioral Stability Across Time and Space | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| The Myth of Perpetual Behavior and the Myth of Intermittent Reinforcement | |
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| Setting a Behavior Trap to Maintain Performance | |
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| Use Intermittent Contingencies to Maintain Performance | |
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| Maintain the Contingencies and You'll Maintain Performance | |
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| Perpetual-Performance Contracting | |
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| What to Do after the Performance Manager Goes Home or after the Doctoral Student Finishes the Dissertation | |
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| Transfer | |
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| Transfer of Training | |
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| Reduce Stimulus Control and Increase Transfer | |
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| Stimulus Generalization is Not Enough | |
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| Could Rule-Governed Behavior Support Transfer of Training | |
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| Modification of a Child's Multiple Behavior Problems | |
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| Rule-Governed Behavior in the Classroom | |
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| Training Jimmy to Self-Instruct | |
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| Training for Transfer of Training | |
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| Training for Covert Self-Instruction | |
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| Overall Summary of Maintenance and Transfer | |
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| Intervention Packages | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Why Should We Do Behavior Analysis? | |
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| Save the World with Behavior Analysis | |
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| Understand the World with Behavior Analysis | |
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| How Should We Do Behavior Analysis? | |
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| How to Do a Functional Assessment | |
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| Should We Do Functional Assessment? | |
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| How Should We Evaluate Behavior Analysis? (Preliminaries) | |
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| Social Validity | |
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| Obtrusive and Unobtrusive Observation | |
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| Units of Measurement | |
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| Interobserver Agreement | |
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| Objectivity vs. Subjectivity in Technology | |
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| How Should We Evaluate Behavior Analysis? (Research Design) | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Simple Baseline Design | |
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| Reversal Design | |
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| Multiple-Baseline Design | |
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| Changing-Criterion Design | |
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| Alternating-Treatments Design | |
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| Generality of Results | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Jobs and Grad School | |
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| Jobs and Grad School (now on DickMalott.com) | |
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| Where Should I Go From Here? | |
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| Where Should I NOT Go From Here? | |
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| How Do I Find the Right Grad Programs? | |
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| What Are Some Good MA and PhD Programs? | |
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| What Are Some Good MA Programs? | |
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| ABA Approved Programs | |
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| What Are Some Good International Programs? | |
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| What Degree Should I Get--BA, MA, EdS, MSW, or PhD? | |
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| MA Jobs | |
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| Where Can I Find a Job? | |
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| How Do I Get Into Grad School? | |
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| What Do I Do About a Low GRE? | |
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| The Timetable | |