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| Preface | |
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| What Is Philosophy? | |
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| Making Sense of the World | |
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| The Relationship Between Science and Philosophy | |
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| The Main Branches of Philosophy | |
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| Philosophical Tools | |
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| Logical Consistency | |
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| A Demand of Reason: Avoid Contradictions | |
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| Logical Possibility | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Lexical vs. Real Definitions | |
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| Challenging Definitions: Counterexamples and Thought Experiments | |
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| The Basic Structure of Arguments | |
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| Putting Arguments into Standard Form | |
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| Deductive and Inductive Arguments | |
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| Evaluating Deductive Arguments: Validity and Soundness | |
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| Evaluating Deductive Arguments: Logical Form | |
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| Evaluating Inductive Arguments: Probability | |
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| What Do We Know? | |
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| Why Knowledge Matters | |
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| Searching for a Definition of Knowledge | |
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| Three Different Theories of Knowledge | |
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| Skepticism | |
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| The Case for Skepticism | |
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| Descartes' Quest for Certainty | |
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| Empiricism | |
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| The Case for Empiricism | |
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| Problems with Perception | |
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| The Problem of Induction | |
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| Rationalism | |
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| The Case for Rationalism | |
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| Problems for Rationalism | |
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| Final Remarks on Epistemology | |
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| The Problem of Free Will | |
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| Why Is There a Problem with Free Will? | |
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| The Case for Hard Determinism | |
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| Can Indeterminism Save Free Will? | |
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| Compatibilism | |
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| Traditional Compatibilism | |
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| Deep Self-Compatibilism | |
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| A Fundamental Problem for Compatibilism | |
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| Libertarianism | |
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| The Case for Libertarianism | |
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| Problems for Libertarianism | |
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| Final Remarks on the Problem of Free Will | |
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| The Problem of Personal Identity | |
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| What Is the Problem? | |
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| The Illusion Theory | |
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| The Case for the Illusion Theory | |
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| Problems for the Illusion Theory | |
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| The Body Theory, or Animalism | |
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| The Case for the Body Theory | |
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| Problems for the Body Theory | |
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| The Soul Theory | |
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| The Case for the Soul Theory | |
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| Problems for the Soul Theory | |
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| The Memory Theory | |
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| The Case for the Memory Theory | |
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| Problems for the Memory Theory | |
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| Final Remarks on Personal Identity | |
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| The Mind/Body Problem | |
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| What Is the Problem? | |
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| Possible Solutions to the Mind/Body Problem | |
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| Substance Dualism | |
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| Arguments for Substance Dualism | |
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| Arguments Against Substance Dualism | |
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| Varieties of Physicalism | |
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| Behaviorism | |
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| Logical Behaviorism | |
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| Arguments Against Logical Behaviorism | |
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| The Identity Theory | |
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| Arguments Against the Identity Theory | |
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| Functionalism | |
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| Functional Concepts and �Stuff� Concepts | |
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| Functionalism: Mind as Software | |
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| Functionalism and Artificial Intelligence: The Turing Test | |
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| Arguments Against Functionalism | |
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| Eliminative Materialism | |
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| Final Remarks on the Mind/Body Problem | |
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| Does God Exist? | |
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| God, Faith, and Reason | |
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| What Do We Mean by the Word God? | |
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| Arguments in Defense of Classical Theism | |
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| Arguments from Religious Experiences | |
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| The Cosmological Argument | |
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| The Design Argument | |
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| The Ontological Argument | |
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| Pascal's Wager | |
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| The Effect of These Arguments | |
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| Arguments Against Classical Theism | |
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| The Logical Problem of Evil | |
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| The Evidential Problem of Evil | |
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| Final Remarks on the Problem of God's Existence | |
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| What Ought We to Do? | |
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| Moral Intuitions and Moral Principles | |
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| A Fundamental Challenge: Relativism | |
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| The Case for Ethical Subjectivism | |
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| Problems for Ethical Subjectivism | |
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| The Case for Cultural Relativism | |
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| Problems for Cultural Relativism | |
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| Final Remarks on Cultural Relativism | |
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| Some Important Ethical Theories | |
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| Divine Command Theory | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Duty-Based Theories | |
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| Virtue-Based Theories | |
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| Final Remarks on the Problem of Morality | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |