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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Preview of the Book | |
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| Overview of Theoretical Approaches to Sensation and Perception | |
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| The Behaviorist Approach | |
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| The Empiricist Approach | |
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| The Gestalt Approach | |
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| The Gibsonian Approach | |
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| The Information-Processing Approach | |
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| The Computational Approach | |
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| Themes of the Book | |
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| How to Use This Book | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Measuring Responses to Low-Intensity Stimuli | |
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| Classical Psychophysical Measurement of Detection | |
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| Signal Detection Theory | |
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| In-Depth: Forensics, Faces, and False Alarms: Applied Signal Detection Theory | |
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| Two-Alternative Forced Choice Procedure | |
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| Measuring Responses to More Intense Stimuli | |
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| Classical Psychophysical Measurement of Discrimination | |
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| Relationship between Physical Stimuli and Psychological Reactions | |
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| Measuring Brain Activity Due to Perceptual Stimuli | |
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| Studying Individual Neurons | |
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| Studying Massed Brain Activity | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| The Visual System | |
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| Visual Stimulus | |
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| Structure and Function of the Eye | |
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| Cornea, Sclera, and Anterior Chamber | |
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| Iris and Pupil | |
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| Lens | |
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| Retina | |
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| Posterior Chamber | |
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| Structure and Function of the Retina | |
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| Photoreceptors | |
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| The Duplex Retina | |
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| Vertical Connections: Bipolar and Ganglion Cells | |
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| Lateral Connections: Horizontal and Amacrine Cells | |
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| Pathways from the Retina to the Visual Cortex | |
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| Information Flow from Retina to Visual Cortex | |
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| Visual Cortex | |
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| In - Depth: Beyond the Primary Visual Cortext | |
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| Concluding Remarks about the Visual System | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Basic Visual Functions | |
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| Prerequisites for Normal Vision | |
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| Edges Are Important | |
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| Change Is Important | |
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| Higher-Level Processes and Experience Are Important | |
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| Perceiving Light Energy | |
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| Light Energy and Lightness Perception | |
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| Lightness Constancy | |
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| Explanations for Lightness Perception | |
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| Perceptual Organization Precedes Lightness Perception | |
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| Further Complexities in Lightness Perception | |
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| Acuity | |
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| Measuring Acuity | |
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| Characteristics of the Eye That Affect Acuity | |
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| Characteristics of the Stimulus That Affect Acuity | |
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| Eye Movements | |
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| Vergence Movements | |
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| In - Depth: Version Movements | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Visual Pattern Perception | |
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| Approaches to Shape and Pattern Perception | |
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| Spatial Frequency Analysis Approach | |
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| Gestalt Approach | |
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| Computational Approach | |
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| Feature-Integration Approach | |
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| Prototype-Matching Approach | |
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| Influence of Context on Shape and Pattern Perception | |
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| Perceiving Letters in the Context of Words | |
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| Perceiving Objects in the Context of Scenes | |
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| Illusory Contours | |
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| Distortions of Shape Due to Context | |
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| Selected Topics in Shape and Pattern Perception | |
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| The Role of Time in Shape Perception | |
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| Ambiguous Figures | |
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| Effects of Unusual Stimulus Orientations | |
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| In - Depth: Face Perception | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Distance and Size Perception | |
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| Perceiving a Three-Dimensional World | |
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| Monocular Cues to Depth | |
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| Binocular Disparity | |
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| Eye Muscle Cues to Depth | |
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| Approaches to Distance Perception | |
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| Perceiving Three-Dimensional Objects | |
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| In - Depth: Where Am I?: Navigating a Three-Dimensional World | |
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| Physiological Bases for Depth Perception | |
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| Size Perception | |
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| Factors Influencing Size Perception | |
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| Size Constancy | |
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| Illusions of Distance and Size | |
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| Ambiguous Depth or Distance Information | |
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| Illusions Involving Line Length or Distance | |
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| Explanations for Line-Length and Distance Illusions | |
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| Illusions Involving Area | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Color | |
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| Nature of Color | |
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| Color Mixing | |
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| Subtractive Mixtures | |
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| Additive Mixtures | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology of Color Vision | |
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| The Cone Mosaic and Trichromatic Theory | |
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| Opponent-Process Theory | |
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| Color Coding beyond the Photoreceptors | |
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| Individual Differences in Color Vision | |
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| Color-Vision Deficiencies | |
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| More than Three Cone Systems | |
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| Aging and Color Perception | |
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| Color Phenomena | |
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| Color Constancy | |
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| Simultaneous and Successive Color Contrast | |
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| Subjective Colors | |
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| Purkinje Shift | |
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| Memory Color | |
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| In - Depth: Color Names and Color Perception | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Motion | |
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| Visual Perception of Real Movement | |
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| Detecting Motion | |
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| Movement of the Observer | |
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| In - Depth: Perceiving Biological Motion | |
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| Illusory Movement | |
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| Stroboscopic Movement | |
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| Perceiving Motion in Stationary Stimuli | |
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| Misperceiving Motion Due to Context | |
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| Theoretical Explanations for Motion Perception | |
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| Corollary Discharge Theory | |
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| Direct Perception Approach | |
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| Computational Approach | |
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| Physiological Basis of Motion Perception | |
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| Processing Motion Information Before VI | |
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| Processing Motion Information in VI and Beyond | |
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| Processing Self-Motion Information | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| The Auditory System | |
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| The Auditory Stimulus | |
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| Frequency | |
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| Amplitude | |
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| Phase Angle | |
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| The Auditory System | |
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| Outer Ear | |
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| Middle Ear | |
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| Inner Ear | |
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| In - Depth: Inner and Outer Hair Cells | |
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| Higher Levels of Auditory Processing | |
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| Hearing Impairments and Treatments | |
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| Assessing Auditory Sensitivity | |
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| Tinnitus | |
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| Conductive Hearing Loss | |
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| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | |
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| Exposure to Loud Sounds | |
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| Treatments: Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Basic Auditory Functions | |
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| Pitch Perception | |
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| Background: Early Theories of Pitch Perception | |
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| Developments in Place Theory | |
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| Developments in Temporal Theory | |
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| How Do We Perceive Pitch? | |
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| The Complex Relationship between Frequency and Pitch | |
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| Measuring Pitch | |
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| Loudness Perception | |
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| How Do We Perceive Loudness? | |
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| The Complex Relationship between Amplitude and Loudness | |
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| Intensity Discrimination | |
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| Measuring Loudness | |
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| Auditory Localization | |
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| Sources of Information for Auditory Localization | |
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| Physiological Basis of Auditory Localization | |
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| Measuring Localization Abilities | |
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| When Interaural Differences Aren't Enough: Localization Difficulties | |
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| In - Depth: Nonhuman Localizing Abilities | |
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| Integrating Visual and Auditory Localization | |
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| Perception of Simultaneous Sounds | |
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| Perception of Pure Tone Combinations | |
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| Masking | |
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| Noise | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Auditory Pattern Perception | |
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| Perception of Complex Auditory Patterns | |
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| The Nature of Complex Sound Stimuli | |
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| Making Sense of Complex Sounds | |
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| Music Perception | |
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| The Musical Stimulus | |
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| Music and the Brain | |
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| The Role of Cognition in Music Perception | |
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| Illusions in Music | |
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| Speech Perception | |
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| The Speech Stimulus | |
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| Theories of Speech Perception | |
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| Speech and the Brain | |
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| The Role of Cognition in Speech Preparation | |
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| In - Depth: Interactions between Auditory and Visual Stimuli | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| The Skin Senses | |
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| The Skin | |
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| Receptors in the Skin | |
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| From the Skin to the Brain | |
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| Touch | |
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| Afferent Systems for Touch | |
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| Passive Touch | |
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| Active Touch | |
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| Interactions between Touch and Vision | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Afferent Systems for Temperature | |
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| Thresholds for Temperature | |
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| Adapting to Temperature | |
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| Pain | |
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| Afferent Systems for Pain and Gate-Control Theory | |
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| In - Depth: Phantom Limbs and Pain | |
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| Measuring Pain | |
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| Adapting to Pain | |
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| Controlling Pain | |
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| Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses | |
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| Kinesthetic Sense | |
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| Vestibular Sense | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell | |
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| Taste | |
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| Sensory Aspects of Taste | |
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| Modifying Taste Perception | |
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| Measuring Taste Perception | |
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| Individual Differences in Taste Perception | |
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| Smell | |
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| Sensory Aspects of Smell | |
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| Cognitive Aspects of Smell | |
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| Modifying Olfactory Perception | |
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| Measuring Olfactory Perception | |
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| Individual Differences in Olfactory Perception | |
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| Recognizing and Identifying Odors | |
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| In - Depth: Behavioral Influences of Odors | |
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| Flavor: Interaction of Taste, Smell, and Other Senses | |
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| Contributions of Taste and Smell to Flavor | |
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| Contributions of Somatosensory Input to Flavor | |
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| Contributions of Temperature to Flavor | |
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| Contributions of Vision to Flavor | |
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| Contributions of Cognition to Flavor | |
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| Putting It All Together: Hedonics of Food | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Perceptual Development | |
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| Studying Perceptual Development in Infancy | |
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| Preference Method | |
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| Habituation Method | |
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| Conditioning Method | |
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| Physiological Methods | |
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| Early Development of Visual Abilities | |
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| The Developing Visual System | |
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| Acuity | |
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| Eye Movements | |
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| In - Depth: Shape Perception | |
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| Depth and Distance Perception | |
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| Color Perception | |
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| Motion Perception | |
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| Early Development of Auditory Abilities | |
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| The Developing Auditory System | |
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| Speech Perception | |
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| Early Development of Intersensory Abilities | |
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| Integrating Vision and Audition | |
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| Integrating Vision and Touch | |
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| Late Development of Perceptual Abilities | |
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| Vision in Late Adulthood and Old Age | |
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| Hearing in Late Adulthood and Old Age | |
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| The Senses and Aging | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |