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Preface | |
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Conformity, Deviance, and Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Introduction: The Sociological Perspective and Focus on Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Juvenile Delinquency: The Act, the Actor, and the Audience | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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What Is Juvenile Delinquency? | |
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Who Is a Juvenile? | |
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What Is Delinquency? | |
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The Legal Definition | |
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The Role Definition | |
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Controversial Issue: "Child or Adult?" | |
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The Societal Response Definition | |
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An Integrated Definition of Delinquency | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: The Cultural and Legal Definitions of "Child" and "Juvenile Offender" in Other Nations | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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A Sociological Overview: Society, Norms, Conformity, and Deviant Behavior | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The Sociological Perspective | |
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The Social Nature of Humans | |
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The Social Imperative | |
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Social Interaction | |
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Social Interdependence | |
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Social Organization | |
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Norms | |
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Sources of Norms | |
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Social Consensus | |
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Social Conflict | |
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Folkways and Mores | |
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Folkways | |
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Mores | |
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Normative Behavior: Conformity | |
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Deviant Behavior: Nonconformity | |
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Negative Aspects of Deviance | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Conformity, Deviance, and Delinquency among Native Americans | |
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Positive Aspects of Deviance | |
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Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Concept Application: "Deviance or Conformity?" | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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The Dimensions of the Delinquency Problem | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Juvenile Delinquency Data | |
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Validity and Reliability | |
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Official Sources of Delinquency Information | |
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FBI Uniform Crime Reports | |
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Juvenile Court Statistics | |
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Methodology | |
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Findings | |
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The Composite Delinquent Profile: Typical or Stereotypical? | |
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Limitations of Official Delinquency Data | |
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Unofficial Sources of Delinquency Information | |
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Self-Report Studies | |
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Concept Application: "Undetected and Unreported Delinquency: The Missing Statistics" | |
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Victimization Surveys | |
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Controversial Issue: Juvenile Violence: Guns and the U.S. Constitution | |
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The Magnitude and Trends of Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Addendum: A Balanced Perspective on Youth | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Juvenile Delinquency in Russia | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Causes of Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Introduction: Theory and the Etiology of Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Biological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The Link between Biology and Behavior: Myths and Folklore | |
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The Classical School of Criminological Thought | |
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The Positive School of Criminology | |
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Twentieth-Century Constitutional Typologies | |
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The Continuing Search for the Biological Connection | |
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Concept Application: "An Ugly Girl" | |
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Gender | |
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Race and Ethnicity | |
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Age | |
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Genetic Crime Causation: The XYY Hypothesis | |
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Diet and Deviant Behavior | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: The Study of Twins and Adopted Children in Scandinavia | |
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Brain Malfunctions | |
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Sociobiological Explanations | |
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Controversial Issue: Heredity Versus Environment in Deviant and Delinquent Behavior | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Psychogenic Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The Psychogenic Approach | |
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The Discovery of the Unconscious | |
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The Formation of Personality | |
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Freudian Theory as an Explanation of Crime and Delinquency | |
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Psychoanalysis | |
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Projective Tests | |
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The Rorschach Ink-Blot Test | |
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Projective Tests and Homicidal Children | |
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Delinquent Acts as Symptoms | |
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Conduct Disorders | |
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Other Psychogenic Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Early Theories of Feeblemindedness | |
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Controversial Issues: The Debate over Television Violence, Childhood Personality Development, and Criminal Behavior | |
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Neurological Abnormalities | |
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The Flawed Personality | |
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Adolescent Identity Crisis | |
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Insufficient Moral Development | |
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Predictors of Youth Violence | |
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Criticisms and Limitations of the Psychogenic Approach | |
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Critique of Theoretical Assumptions and Concepts | |
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Critique of Research Methodology | |
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Critique of Psychogenic Applications to Crime and Delinquency | |
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Concept Application: The Psychological and Social Impacts on Victims of Crime and Delinquency | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency: Social Strain and Cultural Transmission Theories | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Theory | |
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Social Strain Theories | |
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Durkheim's Concept of Anomie | |
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Merton's Theory of Anomie | |
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Cohen's "Delinquent Boys" | |
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Cloward and Ohlin's "Delinquency and Opportunity" | |
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Contributions of Social Strain Theories | |
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Criticisms and Limitations of Social Strain Theories | |
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Agnew's General Strain Theory | |
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Controversial Issue: Social Structure as a Proposed Cause of Urban Crime and Delinquency | |
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Cultural Transmission Theories | |
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Sellin's Theory of Culture Conflict | |
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Burgess' Concentric Zone Theory | |
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Shaw and McKay's "High Delinquency Areas" | |
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Miller's Focus on Lower Class Culture | |
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Contributions of Cultural Transmission Theories | |
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Criticisms and Limitations of Cultural Transmission Theories | |
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Concept Application: Searching for Causal Explanations of Contemporary School Shootings | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency: Social Learning and Social Control Theories | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Social Learning Theories | |
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Sutherland and Cressey's Theory of Differential Assocition | |
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Glaser's Concept of Differential Identification | |
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Akers's Theory of Differential Reinforcement | |
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Contributions of Social Learning Theories | |
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Criticisms and Limitations of Social Learning Theories | |
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Concept Application: Grand Theft-Auto | |
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Social Control Theories | |
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Reckless' Containment Theory | |
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Sykes and Matza's Techniques of Neutralization | |
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Hirschi's Social Bond Theory | |
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Contributions of Social Control Theories | |
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Controversial Issue: Religiosity and Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Criticisms and Limitations of Social Control Theories | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Criminality among the Children of Immigrants in Western Europe | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Sociological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency: Labeling and Radical Theories | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Labeling Theories | |
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Early Contributions to Labeling Theory | |
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Tannenbaum's Concept of "Tagging" | |
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Lemert's Primary and Secondary Deviance | |
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Becker's Developmental Career Model | |
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Contributions of Labeling Theory | |
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Criticisms and Limitations of Labeling Theory | |
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Radical Theories | |
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The Marxian Heritage | |
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Quinney's Social Reality of Crime and Delinquency | |
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Greenberg's Focus on Adolescent Frustration | |
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Schwendingers's Instrumental Theory | |
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Contributions of Radical Theories | |
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Criticisms and Limitations of Radical Theories | |
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Concept Application: Power Control Theory: Females in a Male World | |
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An Overview of the Sociological Explanations | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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The Future for Causal Explanations of Delinquency: The Ongoing Process of Theory Building | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction: A Review of Past Theory Building for Explaining Juvenile Delinquency | |
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A Renewed Examination of Delinquency Motivation: "Crime Is Fun!" | |
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Making Decisions for Delinquency: Rational Choice Theory | |
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Concept Application: The Jackass Scrapbooks | |
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The Punishment Response: Deterrence Theory | |
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Evaluation of Rational Choice and Deterrence Theories | |
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Back to the Future: The Prospects and Direction for New Theory Building | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Juvenile Delinquency in a Social Context | |
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Introduction: Collective Behavior and Social Groupings | |
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The Family and Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The Changing Role of the Family | |
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Increasing Importance of the Nuclear Family and the Creation of "Adolescence" | |
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The Family as an Agent of Socialization | |
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Working Mothers and Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Controversial Issue: Latchkey Children: Independence or Neglect? | |
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Other Family Variables and Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Social Class | |
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Family Size and Birth Order | |
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Family Interaction | |
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Parental Discipline | |
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Single-Parent Families and Delinquency | |
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The Family and Delinquency Prevention | |
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Concept Application: The Role of the Family in Preventing Delinquency | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Schools and Delinquency | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The School as an Arena | |
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Schools and the Socialization Process | |
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Juvenile Delinquency and the School Experience | |
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Schools as a Screening Device | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Self-Concept and Delinquency among Chinese Schoolchildren | |
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Schools as "Combat Zones" | |
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Controversial Issue: "Dealing with the Problem of Truancy" | |
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Vandalism and Destruction | |
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Violence and Personal Attacks | |
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Concept Application: Bullying and School Violence | |
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School Safety and "Zero Tolerance" | |
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School as Bureaucracy | |
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Schools and Delinquency Prevention | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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The Youth Subculture | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Culture, Subcultures, and Countercultures | |
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The Creation of a Youth Subculture | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Japanese Youth Subculture, Skinheads, and Counterculture | |
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Role of the Youth Subculture | |
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Distinctive Elements of the Youth Subculture | |
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Youth Values | |
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Concept Application: The American Youth Subculture: Youth Values in the 21st Century | |
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Dress, Grooming, and Fads | |
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Tatoos | |
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Mass Media | |
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Language | |
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Controversial Issue: Censoring Rock Music | |
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The Youth Subculture and Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Juvenile Runaways | |
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Juvenile Prostitution | |
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Juveniles and Drugs | |
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Juveniles and Sex | |
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Youth Countercultures and Delinquency | |
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Teenage Satanic Groups | |
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Youth Hate Groups | |
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The Youth Subculture and Delinquency Prevention | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Juvenile Gangs and Delinquent Behavior | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Predatory Youths: A National Alarm | |
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The Solitary Delinquent | |
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Group Delinquency | |
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The Play Group | |
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The Juvenile Gan | |
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What Is a Gang? | |
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History of Youth Gangs | |
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Contemporary Youth Gangs in the United States | |
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Number of Gangs and Members | |
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Locale | |
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The Motives for Gang Membership | |
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Concept Application: The Profit Motive: Group Shoplifting and "The Swarm" | |
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Initiation Rituals | |
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Gang Organization | |
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The Near Group | |
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Gang Graffiti, Slanguage, and Symbols | |
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Composition of Gang Membership | |
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Social Class | |
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Racial and Ethnic Composition of Gangs | |
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Female Participation in Delinquent Gangs | |
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Gang Violence | |
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Concept Application: "The Weapon of Choice: The Dogs of War" | |
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Drug Franchises and Gang Warfare | |
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Gang Rape | |
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Dyads and Triads | |
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Explanatory Theories of Gang Formation and Behavior: A Summary and Synthesis | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Urban Youth Gangs in Russia | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Social Control: The Juvenile Justice System | |
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Introduction: Elements of Social Control | |
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Juveniles and the Police | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Juvenile Encounters with Police | |
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Policing Juveniles | |
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Law Enforcement Role | |
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Crime Prevention Role | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Policing Juveniles in Great Britain | |
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Police Discretion in Handling Juveniles | |
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Legal Factors | |
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Extralegal Factors | |
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Police and Due Process | |
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Police, Community Policing, and Delinquency Prevention | |
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Controversial Issue: Targeting Serious Habitual Offenders: Delinquency Prevention or Police Harassment? | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Juvenile Court | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical Background of the Juvenile Court | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Development of the Juvenile Court in Canada | |
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The Child Savers Movement | |
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The Juvenile Court | |
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The Juvenile Court and Due Process | |
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Juvenile Court Procedures | |
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Intake | |
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Adjudication | |
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Disposition | |
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The Role of Attorneys in Juvenile Court | |
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The District Attorney | |
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The Defense Attorney | |
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Controversial Issue: The Use of Attorneys in the Juvenile Court | |
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Criticisms of the Juvenile Court | |
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The Multifaceted JuveniLe Court | |
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The Future of the Juvenile Court | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Supreme Court Rulings Cited | |
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Juvenile Corrections | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Social Control and Deterrence Theory | |
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Voluntary Social Control | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: The Caning of an American Youth in Singapore: Justice or Abuse? | |
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Informal Social Control | |
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Formal Social Control | |
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Juvenile Probation | |
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Restitution and "Restorative Justice" | |
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Juvenile Placement | |
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Juvenile Aftercare | |
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Controversial Issue: Institutionalization versus Community Treatment | |
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Waiver: Remanding Juveniles to Adult Courts | |
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Juveniles in Adult Jails and Prisons | |
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Capital Punishment for Juveniles and Roper v. Simmons | |
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Controversial Issue: Should Juveniles Be Held in Adult Jails and Prisons? | |
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Deinstitutionalization, Community Corrections, and Diversion | |
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House Arrest | |
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Youth Service Bureaus | |
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Scared Straight! | |
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S.H.A.P.E.U.P. | |
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VisionQuest | |
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Juvenile Boot Camps | |
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Other Diversion Programs | |
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Evaluation of Deinstitutionalization, Community Corrections, and Diversion | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Strategies for Dealing with Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Introduction: Approaching Treatment and Prevention in a Social Context | |
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Treatment and Prevention Strategies | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Treatment Ideology and Delinquency Treatment Programs | |
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Controversial Issue: Applying the Medical Model in the Treatment of Delinquency | |
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Behavior Modification | |
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Reality Therapy | |
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Group and Individual Counseling and Therapy | |
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Prevention Ideology and Delinquency Prevention Programs | |
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Early Identification | |
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Predelinquents and Early Intervention | |
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Sociological Approaches to Delinquency Treatment and Prevention | |
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Cross-Cultural Focus: Delinquency Prevention in Japan | |
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The Chicago Area Project | |
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The Mid-City Project | |
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Mobilization for Youth | |
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Minnesota Youth Advocate Program/Urban League | |
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Neighborhood Youth Corps and Job Training | |
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The Highfields Project | |
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The Provo Experiment | |
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The Millcreek Youth Correctional Facility | |
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The Paint Creek Youth Center | |
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Project New Pride | |
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Mentoring Programs | |
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Other Programs | |
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Mobilizing the Community to Prevent Delinquency | |
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Crimestoppers and Hotlines | |
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Neighborhood Watch and Youth Crime Watch | |
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Guardian Angels | |
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S.H.O.D.I. | |
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Gang Intervention and Prevention Programs | |
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Evaluation of Delinquency Treatment and Prevention Strategies | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Rethinking the Delinquency Problem | |
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Reading Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The Social Nature of Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Eliminating the Marginal Status of Juveniles | |
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Rites of Passage | |
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Meaningful Social Participation | |
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Concept Application: Meaningful Social Participation for Youths | |
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Standardization or Elimination of Juvenile Codes | |
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Decriminalization of Status Offenses | |
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Revision of the Juvenile Court | |
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Limited Jurisdiction | |
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Due Process | |
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Professional Judges and Court Personnel | |
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Dispositional Alternatives | |
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Other Revisions | |
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Controversial Issue: Should Juvenile Courts Be Abolished? | |
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Modification of Juvenile Corrections | |
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Strengthening the Family | |
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Changing the Educational System | |
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Redefining Juvenile Delinquency | |
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Summary | |
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Concept Integration: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion | |
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References | |
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Glossary | |
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Name Index | |
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Subject Index | |