| |
| |
| To the Student from the Author | |
| |
| |
| To the Instructor from the Author | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Sociological Perspective | |
| |
| |
| The Sociological Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Seeing the Broader Social Context | |
| |
| |
| Origins of Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Tradition Versus Science | |
| |
| |
| Auguste Comte and Positivism | |
| |
| |
| Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism | |
| |
| |
| Karl Marx and Class Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Emile Durkheim and Social Integration | |
| |
| |
| Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic | |
| |
| |
| Sexism in Early Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Attitudes of the Time | |
| |
| |
| Harriet Martineau and Early Social Research | |
| |
| |
| Sociology in North America | |
| |
| |
| Early History: The Tension Between Social Reform and Sociological Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Jane Addams and Social Reform | |
| |
| |
| W. E. B. Du Bois and Race Relations | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Early Sociology in North America: Du Bois and Race Relations | |
| |
| |
| Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory Versus Reform | |
| |
| |
| The Continuing Tension and the Rise of Applied Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Careers in Sociology: What Applied Sociologists Do | |
| |
| |
| Symbolic Interactionism | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Capturing Saddam Hussein: A Surprising Example of Applied Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Functional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Conflict Theory | |
| |
| |
| Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro | |
| |
| |
| Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together | |
| |
| |
| How Theory and Research Work Together | |
| |
| |
| Doing Sociological Research | |
| |
| |
| A Research Model | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Enjoying A Sociology Quiz-Sociological Findings Versus Common Sense | |
| |
| |
| Research Methods | |
| |
| |
| Surveys | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Loading the Dice: How Not to Do Research | |
| |
| |
| Participant Observation (Fieldwork) | |
| |
| |
| Secondary Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Documents | |
| |
| |
| Experiments | |
| |
| |
| Unobtrusive Measures | |
| |
| |
| Gender in Sociological Research | |
| |
| |
| Ethics in Sociological Research | |
| |
| |
| Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research | |
| |
| |
| Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research | |
| |
| |
| Values in Sociological Research | |
| |
| |
| Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Sociology Full Circle: Reform Versus Research | |
| |
| |
| Globalization | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: Studying Job Discrimination: Another Surprising Example of Applied Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Applications of Globalization to This Text | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Culture | |
| |
| |
| What Is Culture? | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life | |
| |
| |
| Practicing Cultural Relativism | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity around the World: You Are What You Eat?: An Exploration in Cultural Relativity | |
| |
| |
| Components of Symbolic Culture | |
| |
| |
| Gestures | |
| |
| |
| Language | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Emoticons: "Written Gestures" for Expressing Yourself Online | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: Miami-Language in a Changing City | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: Race and Language: Searching for Self-Labels | |
| |
| |
| Values, Norms, and Sanctions | |
| |
| |
| Folkways and Mores | |
| |
| |
| Many Cultural Worlds | |
| |
| |
| Subcultures | |
| |
| |
| Countercultures | |
| |
| |
| Values in U.S. Society | |
| |
| |
| An Overview of U.S. Values | |
| |
| |
| Looking at Subcultures | |
| |
| |
| Mass Media in Social Life: Why Do Native Americans Like Westerns? | |
| |
| |
| Value Clusters | |
| |
| |
| Value Contradictions and Social Change | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Values | |
| |
| |
| Culture Wars: When Values Clash | |
| |
| |
| Values as Blinders | |
| |
| |
| "Ideal" Versus "Real" Culture | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Universals | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Are We Prisoners of Our Genes? Sociobiology and Human Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Technology in the Global Village | |
| |
| |
| The New Technology | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Lag and Cultural Change | |
| |
| |
| Technology and Cultural Leveling | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Socialization | |
| |
| |
| What Is Human Nature? | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Heredity or Environment? The Case of Oskar and Jack, Identical Twins | |
| |
| |
| Feral Children | |
| |
| |
| Isolated Children | |
| |
| |
| Institutionalized Children | |
| |
| |
| Deprived Animals | |
| |
| |
| Socialization into the Self and Mind | |
| |
| |
| Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self | |
| |
| |
| Mead and Role Taking | |
| |
| |
| Piaget and the Development of Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity around the World: Do You See What I See?: Eastern and Western Ways of Perceiving and Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions | |
| |
| |
| Freud and the Development of Personality | |
| |
| |
| Kohlberg, Gilligan, and the Development of Morality | |
| |
| |
| Socialization into Emotions | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Signs of the Times: Are We Becoming Ik? | |
| |
| |
| Society Within Us: The Self and Emotions as Social Control | |
| |
| |
| Socialization into Gender | |
| |
| |
| Gender Messages in the Family | |
| |
| |
| Gender Messages from Peers | |
| |
| |
| Gender Messages in the Mass Media | |
| |
| |
| Agents of Socialization | |
| |
| |
| The Family | |
| |
| |
| Mass Media in Social Life: From Xena, Warrior Princess, to Lara Croft, Tomb Raider: Changing Images of Women in the Mass Media | |
| |
| |
| The Neighborhood | |
| |
| |
| Religion | |
| |
| |
| Day Care | |
| |
| |
| The School | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: Caught Between Two Worlds | |
| |
| |
| Peer Groups | |
| |
| |
| Sports and Competitive Success | |
| |
| |
| The Workplace | |
| |
| |
| Resocialization | |
| |
| |
| Total Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Boot Camp as a Total Institution | |
| |
| |
| Socialization Through the Life Course | |
| |
| |
| Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Transitional Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| The Middle Years | |
| |
| |
| The Older Years | |
| |
| |
| The Sociological Significance of the Life Course | |
| |
| |
| Are We Prisoners of Socialization? | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Structure and Social Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Levels of Sociological Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Macrosociology and Microsociology | |
| |
| |
| The Macrosociological Perspective: Social Structure | |
| |
| |
| The Sociological Significance of Social Structure | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: College Football as Social Structure | |
| |
| |
| Culture | |
| |
| |
| Social Class | |
| |
| |
| Social Status | |
| |
| |
| Roles | |
| |
| |
| Groups | |
| |
| |
| Social Institutions | |
| |
| |
| The Sociological Significance of Social Institutions | |
| |
| |
| An Example: The Mass Media as an Emerging Social Institution | |
| |
| |
| Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Changes in Social Structure | |
| |
| |
| What Holds Society Together? | |
| |
| |
| The Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| Symbolic Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: The Amish: Gemeinschaft Community in a Gesellschaft Society | |
| |
| |
| Down to Earth Sociology: Beauty May Be Only Skin Deep, But Its Effects Go On Forever: Stereotypes in Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| Mass Media in Social Life: You Can't Be Thin Enough: Body Images and the Mass Media | |
| |
| |
| Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions | |
| |
| |
| The Social Construction of Reality | |
| |
| |
| The Need for Both Macrosociology and Microsociology | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Societies to Social Networks | |
| |
| |
| Societies and Their Transformation | |
| |
| |
| Hunting and Gathering Societies | |
| |
| |
| Pastoral and Horticultural Societies | |
| |
| |
| Agricultural Societies | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Societies | |
| |
| |
| Postindustrial (Information) Societies | |
| |
| |
| Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of Society Emerging? | |
| |
| |
| Groups Within Society | |
| |
| |
| Sociology and the New Technology: "So, You Want to Be Yourself?" Cloning in the Coming Biotech Society | |
| |
| |
| Primary Groups | |
| |
| |
| Secondary Groups | |
| |
| |
| In-Groups and Out-Groups | |
| |
| |
| Reference Groups | |
| |
| |
| Social Networks | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Facebooking: The Lazy (But Efficient) Way to Meet Friends | |
| |
| |
| A New Group: Electronic Communities | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: How Our Own Social Networks Perpetuate Social Inequality | |
| |
| |
| Group Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Leadership | |
| |
| |
| The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment | |
| |
| |
| The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: If Hitler Asked You to Execute a Stranger, Would You? The Milgram Experiment | |
| |
| |
| Global Consequences of Group Dynamics: Groupthink | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deviance and Social Control | |
| |
| |
| What Is Deviance? | |
| |
| |
| How Norms Make Social Life Possible | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity around the World: Human Sexuality in Cross-Cultural Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Sanctions | |
| |
| |
| Shaming and Degradation Ceremonies | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Is It Rape, Or Is It Marriage? A Study in Culture Clash | |
| |
| |
| Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociology, Sociobiology, and Psychology | |
| |
| |
| The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Differential Association Theory | |
| |
| |
| Control Theory | |
| |
| |
| Labeling Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Functionalist Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society? | |
| |
| |
| Strain Theory: How Social Values Produce Deviance | |
| |
| |
| Mass Media in Social Life: Pornography on the Internet: Freedom Versus Censorship | |
| |
| |
| Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Islands in the Street: Urban Gangs in the United States | |
| |
| |
| The Conflict Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System | |
| |
| |
| Power and Inequality | |
| |
| |
| The Law as an Instrument of Oppression | |
| |
| |
| Reactions to Deviance | |
| |
| |
| Street Crime and Prisons | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: "Three Strikes and You're Out!" Unintended Consequences of Well-Intended Laws | |
| |
| |
| The Decline in Crime | |
| |
| |
| Recidivism | |
| |
| |
| The Death Penalty and Bias | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: The Killer Next Door: Serial Murderers in Our Midst | |
| |
| |
| Legal Change | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Changing Views: Making Hate a Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Trouble with Official Statistics | |
| |
| |
| The Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| The Need for a More Humane Approach | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Stratification | |
| |
| |
| An Overview of Social Stratification | |
| |
| |
| Slavery | |
| |
| |
| Mass Media in Social Life: What Price Freedom? Slavery Today | |
| |
| |
| Caste | |
| |
| |
| Social Class | |
| |
| |
| Global Stratification and the Status of Females | |
| |
| |
| Global Stratification: Three Worlds | |
| |
| |
| The Most Industrialized Nations | |
| |
| |
| The Industrializing Nations | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: OPen Season: Children As Prey | |
| |
| |
| The Least Industrialized Nations | |
| |
| |
| How Did the World's Nations Become Stratified? | |
| |
| |
| Colonialism | |
| |
| |
| World System Theory | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: When Globalization Comes Home: Maquiladoras South of the Border | |
| |
| |
| Culture of Poverty | |
| |
| |
| Evaluating the Theories | |
| |
| |
| Why Is Social Stratification Universal? | |
| |
| |
| The Functionalist View: Motivating Qualified People | |
| |
| |
| The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and Scarce Resources | |
| |
| |
| What Determines Social Class? | |
| |
| |
| Karl Marx: The Means of Production | |
| |
| |
| Max Weber: Property, Prestige, and Power | |
| |
| |
| Social Class in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Property | |
| |
| |
| Prestige | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: How the Super-Rich Live | |
| |
| |
| Power | |
| |
| |
| Status Inconsistency | |
| |
| |
| A Social Class Model | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: The Big Win: Life After the Lottery | |
| |
| |
| The Capitalist Class | |
| |
| |
| The Upper Middle Class | |
| |
| |
| The Lower Middle Class | |
| |
| |
| The Working Class | |
| |
| |
| The Working Poor | |
| |
| |
| The Underclass | |
| |
| |
| Consequences of Social Class | |
| |
| |
| Family Life | |
| |
| |
| Education | |
| |
| |
| Religion | |
| |
| |
| Politics | |
| |
| |
| Physical Health | |
| |
| |
| Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Mental Illness and Inequality in Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Social Mobility | |
| |
| |
| Three Types of Social Mobility | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: Social Class and the Upward Mobility of African Americans | |
| |
| |
| Women in Studies of Social Mobility | |
| |
| |
| Poverty | |
| |
| |
| Drawing the Poverty Line | |
| |
| |
| Children of Poverty | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Exploring Myths About the Poor | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: The Nation's Shame: Children in Poverty | |
| |
| |
| Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of a Myth | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sex and Gender | |
| |
| |
| Issues of Sex and Gender | |
| |
| |
| Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture? | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Biology Versus Culture-Culture Is the Answer | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Biology Versus Culture-Biology Is the Answer | |
| |
| |
| The Dominant Position in Sociology | |
| |
| |
| Opening the Door to Biology | |
| |
| |
| Gender Inequality in Global Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: The Gender Gap in Math and Science: A National Debate | |
| |
| |
| How Females Became a Minority Group | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity Around the World: "Pssst. You Wanna Buy a Bride?" China in Transition | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of Patriarchy | |
| |
| |
| Sex Typing of Work | |
| |
| |
| Gender and the Prestige of Work | |
| |
| |
| Other Areas of Global Discrimination | |
| |
| |
| Gender Inequality in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity around the World: Female Circumcision | |
| |
| |
| Gender Inequality in Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Gender Inequality in Education | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Cold-Hearted Surgeons and Their Women Victims | |
| |
| |
| Gender Inequality in Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| Gender Inequality in the Workplace | |
| |
| |
| The Pay Gap | |
| |
| |
| The Cracking Glass Ceiling | |
| |
| |
| Gender and the Control of Workers | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Harassment-and Worse | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Sexual Harassment and Rape of Women in the Military | |
| |
| |
| Gender and Violence | |
| |
| |
| Violence Against Women | |
| |
| |
| Feminism and Gendered Violence | |
| |
| |
| Solutions | |
| |
| |
| The Changing Face of Politics | |
| |
| |
| Glimpsing the Future-with Hope | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| Fold-out Section: The Changing Role of Women: A Walk Through History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Race and Ethnicity | |
| |
| |
| Laying the Sociological Foundation | |
| |
| |
| Race: Myth and Reality | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: Tiger Woods and the Emerging Multiracial Identity: Mapping New Ethnic Terrain | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Groups | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Can a Plane Ride Change Your Race? | |
| |
| |
| Minority Groups and Dominant Groups | |
| |
| |
| How People Construct Their Racial-Ethnic Identity | |
| |
| |
| Prejudice and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
| Learning Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: The Racist Mind | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Self-Segregation: Help or Hindrance for Race Relations on Campus? | |
| |
| |
| Individual and Institutional Discrimination | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Sociological Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations | |
| |
| |
| Genocide | |
| |
| |
| Population Transfer | |
| |
| |
| Internal Colonialism | |
| |
| |
| Segregation | |
| |
| |
| Assimilation | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: "You Can Work for Us, But You Can't Live Near Us" | |
| |
| |
| Multiculturalism (Pluralism) | |
| |
| |
| Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States | |
| |
| |
| European Americans | |
| |
| |
| Latinos (Hispanics) | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack: Exploring Cultural Privilege | |
| |
| |
| African Americans | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: Stealth Racism in the Rental Market: What You Reveal by Your Voice | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: Reparations for Slavery: Justice or Foolishness? | |
| |
| |
| Fold-out Section: "Racial" Categories in the U.S. Census: 1940 to Present | |
| |
| |
| Asian Americans | |
| |
| |
| Native Americans | |
| |
| |
| Looking Toward the Future | |
| |
| |
| The Immigration Debate | |
| |
| |
| Affirmative Action | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity in the United States: Glimpsing the Future: The Shifting U.S. Racial-Ethnic Mix | |
| |
| |
| Toward a True Multicultural Society | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Marriage and Family | |
| |
| |
| Marriage and Family in Global Perspective | |
| |
| |
| What Is a Family? | |
| |
| |
| Common Cultural Themes | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity around the World: Watching Out for Kids: Gender Equality and Family Life in Sweden | |
| |
| |
| Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| The Functionalist Perspective: Functions and Dysfunctions | |
| |
| |
| The Conflict Perspective: Gender and Power | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Critically: The Second Shift-Strains and Strategies | |
| |
| |
| The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Gender and the Meanings of Marriage | |
| |
| |
| The Family Life Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Love and Courtship in Global Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity around the World: East Is East and West Is West: Love and Arranged Marriage in India | |
| |
| |
| Marriage | |
| |
| |
| Childbirth and Child Rearing | |
| |
| |
| Family Transitions in Later Life | |
| |
| |
| Diversity in U.S. Families | |
| |
| |
| African American Families | |
| |
| |
| Latino Families | |
| |
| |
| Asian American Families | |
| |
| |
| Native American Families | |
| |
| |
| One-Parent Families | |
| |
| |
| Families Without Children | |
| |
| |
| Blended Families | |
| |
| |
| Gay and Lesbian Families | |
| |
| |
| Trends in U.S. Families | |
| |
| |
| Sociology and the New Technology: The Brave New World of High-Tech Reproduction: Where Technology Outpaces Law and Sometimes Common Sense | |
| |
| |
| Postponing Marriage and Childbirth | |
| |
| |
| Cohabitation | |
| |
| |
| Unmarried Mothers | |
| |
| |
| Grandparents as Parents | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: "You Want Us to Live Together? What Do You Mean By That?" | |
| |
| |
| The "Sandwich Generation" and Elder Care | |
| |
| |
| Divorce and Remarriage | |
| |
| |
| Problems in Measuring Divorce | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Sociology: "What Are Your Chances of Getting Divorced?" | |
| |
| |
| Children of Divorce | |
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| Grandchildren of Divorce | |
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| The Absent Father and Serial Fatherhood | |
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| The Ex-Spouses | |
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| Remarriage | |
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| Two Sides of Family Life | |
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| The Dark Side of Family Life: Battering, Child Abuse, Marital Rape, and Incest | |
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| Down-to-Earth Sociology: "Why Doesn't She Just Leave?" The Dilemma of Abused Women | |
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| The Bright Side of Family Life: Successful Marriages | |
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| The Future of Marriage and Family | |
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| Down-to-Earth Sociology: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work | |
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| Summary and Review | |
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| Epilogue: Why Major in Sociology? | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |