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| Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology? | |
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| Mechanisms of Evolution | |
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| Origins of Evolutionary Thought | |
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| Genetics: Cells and Molecules | |
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| Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype | |
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| the Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species | |
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| Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability | |
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| Primates | |
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| the Primates | |
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| Primate Behavior | |
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| Paleontology and Primate Evolution | |
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| Fossils in Geological Context | |
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| Origin of Primates | |
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| Becoming Human: the Ape Hominin Transition | |
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| the Human Fossil Record | |
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| Early Hominins | |
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| Rise of the Genus Homo | |
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| Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals | |
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| the Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens | |
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| New Frontiers in Biological Anthropology | |
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| Evolution of the Brain and Language | |
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| Biomedical Anthropology | |
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| the Evolution of Human Behavior | |
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| Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology | |
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| Overview of the Brain | |
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| Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy | |
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| the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium | |
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| Metric Imperial Conversions | |
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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology? | |
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| The Scope of Biological Anthropology | |
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| Paleoanthropology | |
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| Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Forensic Anthropology | |
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| Primatology | |
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| Human Biology | |
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| The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology | |
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| Anthropology and Its Subfields | |
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| Cultural Anthropology | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: A Paradigm Split in Anthropology? | |
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| Archaeology | |
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| Linguistic Anthropology | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Mechanisms of Evolution | |
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| Origins of Evolutionary Thought | |
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| What Is Science? | |
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| The Early Thinkers | |
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| The Roots of Modern Science | |
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| Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life | |
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| The Road to the Darwinian Revolution | |
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| The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell | |
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| The Darwinian Revolution | |
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| The Gal�pagos | |
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| Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Darwin versus Wallace? | |
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| The Response to Darwin | |
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| Science and Creationism | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What Is Intelligent Design? | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Genetics: Cells and Molecules | |
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| Genetics | |
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| The Study of Genetics | |
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| Genetic Metaphors: Blueprints, Recipes, or What? | |
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| The Cell | |
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| Cell Anatomy | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Cloning Controversies | |
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| DNA Structure and Function | |
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| DNA Structure I: the Molecular Level | |
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| DNA Function I: Replication | |
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| DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis | |
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| DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division | |
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| INNOVATIONS: the Wide World of RNA | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Biochemical Individuality | |
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| Molecular Tools For Bioanthropological Research | |
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| Indirect versus Direct Research Methods | |
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| PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype | |
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| From Genotype to Phenotype | |
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| The ABO Blood Type System | |
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| Obesity: A Complex Interaction | |
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| Mendelian Genetics | |
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| Mendel's Postulates | |
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| Linkage and Crossing Over | |
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| Mutation | |
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| Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease | |
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| Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases | |
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| Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good | |
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| X-Linked Disorders | |
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| Mendelian Genetics in Humans | |
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| Genetics Beyond Mendel | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Popular Mendelism and the Shadow of Eugenics | |
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| Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment | |
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| Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance | |
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| Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts | |
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| Genes and Environments | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| the Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species | |
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| How Evolution Works | |
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| Where Does Variation Come From? | |
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| How Natural Selection Works | |
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| Other Ways by Which Evolution Happens | |
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| Classification and Evolution | |
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| Taxonomy and Speciation | |
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| What Is a Species? | |
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| A Guide to Species Concepts | |
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| Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms | |
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| The Origin of Species: How Species Are Formed | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What's in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics, and Con-servation | |
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| The Tempo of Speciation | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| Is Everything Adaptive? | |
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| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium | |
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| Levels of Selection | |
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| Inclusive Fitness | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability | |
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| Human Variation at the Individual and Group Level | |
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| What Is a Population? | |
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| Historical Perspectives on Human Variation | |
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| Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations | |
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| The Monogenism Polygenism Debate | |
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| Race and Racism in the Twentieth Century | |
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| Changing Attitudes toward Race in Anthropology | |
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| Deconstructing Racial Features | |
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| Population Genetics | |
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| Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems | |
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| Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms | |
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| Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies | |
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| Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations | |
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| The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance | |
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| Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle-Cell and Other Conditions | |
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| Adaptation and Adaptability | |
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| Levels of Adaptability | |
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| Heat and Cold | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Technology and Extreme Environments | |
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| Body Size and Shape | |
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| Living at High Altitude | |
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| Skin Color | |
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| Adaptability to Water | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Primates | |
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| the Primates | |
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| The Primate Radiation | |
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| The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates | |
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| What Exactly Is a Primate? | |
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| Anatomical Traits | |
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| Life History Traits | |
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| Behavioral Traits: Activity and Sociality | |
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| A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates | |
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| The Strepsirhines | |
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| The Haplorhines | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: the Rarest of the Rare | |
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| The New World Monkeys | |
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| The Old World Monkeys | |
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| The Hominoids | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: the Impending Extinction of the Great Apes? | |
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| Primate Ecology | |
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| The Cycles of a Tropical Forest | |
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| You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies | |
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| Diet and Feeding Competition | |
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| Territories and Ranges | |
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| Predation | |
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| Primate Communities | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Primate Behavior | |
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| Studying Primates | |
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| The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior | |
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| Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry | |
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| Male Reproductive Strategies | |
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| Female Reproductive Strategies | |
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| Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social? | |
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| The Paradox of Sociality | |
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| INNOVATIONS: Culture in Nonhuman Primates | |
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| Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: the Infanticide Wars | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus? | |
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| Reconstructing the Evolution of Primate Societies | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Paleontology and Primate Evolution | |
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| Fossils in Geological Context | |
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| How to Become a Fossil | |
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| The Importance of Context | |
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| Stratigraphy | |
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| The Geologic Time Scale | |
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| How Old Is It? | |
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| Relative Dating Techniques | |
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| Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: the Piltdown Hoax | |
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| Chronometric Dating Techniques | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Dating Controversies | |
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| INNOVATIONS: Time in a Bottle | |
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| The Earth in the Cenozoic | |
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| Continents and Land Masses | |
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| The Environment in the Cenozoic | |
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| Overview of Climatic Changes during the Cenozoic | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Origin of Primates | |
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| The Mesozoic and Beyond | |
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| Dawn of the Age of Mammals | |
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| The Crater of Doom: What Happened at the K T Boundary? | |
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| Changes in the Paleocene: the Origin of Primates? | |
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| Why Primates? | |
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| Early Primates of the Eocene | |
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| Adapoids (Strepsirhine Ancestors) | |
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| Omomyoids (Haplorhine Ancestors) | |
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| Continental Drift and Eocene Primates | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar | |
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| Selective Pressures Favoring the Strepsirhine Haplorhine Split | |
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| Evolution of Higher Primates | |
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| The First Monkeys? | |
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| New World Monkeys | |
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| Old World Monkeys | |
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| What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids? | |
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| The Earliest Apes | |
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| Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes | |
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| The Monkey's Tale: What Happened to Primate Diversity in the Miocene? | |
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| Molecular Evolution in Primates | |
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| A Primate Molecular Phylogeny | |
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| Molecular Phylogeny and Human Origins | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| Becoming Human: the Ape Hominin Transition | |
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| Becoming a Biped | |
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| Anatomical Changes | |
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| Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan | |
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| Locomotion of the Last Common Ancestor | |
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| Why Bipeds? | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Overheated Radiator? | |
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| The Transition to Human Behavior | |
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| Primate Intelligence: Why Are Human Brains Big? | |
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| What Made Humans Human? | |
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| Summary � Critical Thinking Questions � Key Terms � Suggested Reading | |
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| the Human Fossil Record | |
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| Early Hominins | |
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| Will You Know a Hominin When You See One? | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: A Rose by Any Other Name: Hominins versus Hominins | |
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| The First Hominins? | |
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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis | |
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| Orrorin tugenensis | |
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| Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba | |
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| INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Treasures of the Afar Triangle | |
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| Australopithecus and Kin | |
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| Australopithecus anamensis | |
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| Australopithecus afarensis | |
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| INNOVATIONS: Dikika and Development | |
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| Australopithecus bahrelghazali | |
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| Kenyanthropus platyops | |
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| Australopithecus garhi | |
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| Australopithecus africanus | |
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| The Robust Australopithecines (or Paranthropines) | |