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| Moral Foundations | |
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| Moral Norms | |
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| Normative and Nonnormative Ethics | |
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| The Common Morality as Universal Morality | |
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| Particular Moralities as Nonuniversal | |
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| Moral Dilemmas | |
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| A Framework of Moral Norms | |
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| Conflicting Moral Norms | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Moral Character | |
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| The Concept of Moral Virtue | |
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| Virtues in Professional Roles | |
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| The Virtue of Caring | |
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| Five Focal Virtues | |
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| Moral Ideals | |
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| Moral Excellence | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Moral Status | |
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| The Problem of Moral Status | |
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| Theories of Moral Status | |
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| From Theories to Practical Guidelines | |
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| The Moral Significance of Moral Status | |
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| Vulnerable Populations and Vulnerable Individuals | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Moral Principles | |
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| Respect for Autonomy | |
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| The Concept of Autonomy and the Principle of Respect for Autonomy | |
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| The Capacity for Autonomous Choice | |
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| The Meaning and Justification of Informed Consent | |
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| Disclosure | |
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| Understanding | |
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| Voluntariness | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Nonmaleficence | |
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| The Concept of Nonmaleficence and the Principle of Nonmaleficence | |
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| Distinctions and Rules Governing Nontreatment | |
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| Optional Treatments and Obligatory Treatments | |
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| Killing and Letting Die | |
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| The Justification of Intentionally Arranged Deaths | |
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| Problems of Group Harm | |
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| Protecting Incompetent Patients | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Beneficence | |
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| The Concept of Beneficence and Principles of Beneficence | |
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| Obligatory Beneficence and Ideal Beneficence | |
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| Paternalism: Conflicts between Beneficence and Respect for Autonomy | |
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| Surrogate Decision Making for Incompetent Patients | |
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| Balancing Benefits, Costs, and Risks | |
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| The Value and Quality of Life | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Justice | |
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| The Concept of Justice and Principles of Justice | |
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| Traditional Theories of Justice | |
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| Recent Theories of Justice | |
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| Fair Opportunity and Unfair Discrimination | |
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| Vulnerability, Exploitation, and Discrimination in Research | |
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| National Health Policy and the Right to Health Care | |
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| Global Health Policy and the Right to Health | |
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| Allocating, Setting Priorities, and Rationing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Professional - Patient Relationships | |
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| Veracity | |
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| Privacy | |
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| Confidentiality | |
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| Fidelity | |
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| Clinical Ethics and Research Ethics | |
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| The Dual Roles of Clinician and Investigator | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Theory and Method | |
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| Moral Theories | |
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| Criteria for Assessing Moral Theories | |
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| Utilitarian Theory | |
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| Kantian Theory | |
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| Rights Theory | |
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| Virtue Theory | |
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| Convergence of Theories | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Method and Moral Justification | |
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| Justification in Ethics | |
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| Top-Down Models: Theory and Application | |
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| Bottom-Up Models: Cases and Analogical Reasoning | |
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| Reflective Equilibrium as an Integrated Model | |
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| Common-Morality Theory | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Index | |