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| Physical and biological properties and principles related to animal movement | |
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| Why move? | |
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| Environmental media | |
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| Physics and energetics of movement | |
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| Biomechanics of locomotor support | |
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| Scaling: the importance of size | |
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| Dimensions and units | |
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| Muscles and skeletons: the building blocks of animal movement | |
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| Muscles | |
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| Skeletons | |
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| Summary | |
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| Movement on land | |
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| Biological wheels: why so few? | |
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| Limbs as propulsors: support and swing phases | |
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| Limb mechanical advantage and joint moments: interaction of limb posture and ground reaction force | |
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| Locomotor gaits | |
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| Maneuverability versus stability | |
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| Stride frequency and stride length versus speed and size | |
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| Mass-spring properties of running | |
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| Froude number and dynamic similarity | |
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| Inferring gait and speed of fossil animals | |
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| Mechanical work: potential and kinetic energy changes during locomotion | |
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| Muscle work versus force economy | |
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| Tendon springs and muscle dampers | |
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| Summary | |
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| Movement in water | |
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| Thrust and drag | |
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| Inertia, viscosity and Reynolds number | |
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| Steady flow: drag and streamlines | |
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| Swimming fish, mammals and cephalopods: movement at high Reynolds number | |
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| Jet-based fluid propulsion | |
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| Movement at low Reynolds number: the reversibility of flow | |
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| Air-water interface: surface swimming, striding and sailing | |
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| Muscle function and force transmission in swimming | |
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| Summary | |
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| Movement in air | |
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| Lift, drag and thrust in flight | |
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| Power requirements for steady flight | |
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| Gliding flight | |
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| Flapping flight | |
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| Flight motors and wing anatomy | |
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| Maneuvering during flight | |
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| Unsteady mechanisms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cell crawling | |
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| Organization of the cytoskeleton in animal cells | |
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| Cell crawling: formation of lamellipodia and pseudopodia for traction and locomotor work | |
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| Dynamics of actin nucleation, polymerization and degradation | |
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| Cytoskeletal mechanisms of cell movement | |
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| Cell-surface receptors mediate sensori-locomotor behavior of unicellular organisms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Jumping, climbing and suspensory locomotion | |
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| Jump take-off: generating mechanical power | |
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| Scaling of jump performance | |
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| Other mechanisms for increasing jump distance | |
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| Other morphological adaptations for jumping | |
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| Ground forces and joint power underlying vertebrate jumping | |
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| Climbing | |
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| Suspensory locomotion at larger size | |
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| Summary | |
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| Metabolic pathways for fueling locomotion | |
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| ATP: currency for converting chemical energy into mechanical work | |
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| Aerobic metabolism: oxygen consumption | |
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| Glycolysis: anaerobic metabolism | |
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| Mitochondria: citric acid cycle and cytochrome oxidative phosphorylation | |
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| Quantifying energy use: respirometry measurements of oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production | |
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| Sources and time course of energy usage during exercise | |
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| Endurance and fatigue | |
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| Intermittent exercise | |
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| Other adaptations for increased aerobic capacity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Energy cost of locomotion | |
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| Energy cost versus speed of terrestrial locomotion | |
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| Energy cost versus body size | |
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| Ectothermic versus endothermic energy patterns | |
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| Energy cost of incline running | |
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| Cost of swimming | |
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| Cost of flight | |
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| Locomotor costs compared | |
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| Summary | |
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| Neuromuscular control of movement | |
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| Sensory elements | |
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| Sensorimotor integration via local reflex pathways | |
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| Muscle recruitment in relation to functional demand: force, speed and endurance | |
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| Reciprocal inhibition: a basic feature of sensorimotor neural circuits | |
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| Distributed control: the role of central pattern generators | |
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| Two case studies of motor control | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |