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Preface | |
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Encountering the Past | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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A foreign country | |
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An anthropological perspective | |
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An ancient world | |
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The Age of the Earth | |
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A wreck of a world | |
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Noah's Flood | |
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Equable and steady change | |
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Ancient humans? | |
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The Implications of Frere's Discovery | |
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More Stone Tools . . . and Bones | |
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The slow agency of existing causes | |
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Ancient humans revisited | |
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Cultures Ancient and Changing | |
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Charles Darwin and the antiquity of life | |
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An evolutionary philosophy | |
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The Mutability of Species | |
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The origin of species | |
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Human Evolution | |
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The Human Factor | |
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Cultures evolving | |
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Our modern view | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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Probing the Past | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Epistemology: how we know what we know | |
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The ""Science"" in the Study of the Past | |
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Paleoanthropological and archaeological sites | |
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How Sites Are Formed | |
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How Sites Are Preserved | |
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How Sites Are Found | |
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How Information Is Recovered | |
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Analyzing archaeological data | |
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How Artifacts Are Analyzed | |
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How Ecofacts Are Analyzed | |
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How Human and Prehuman Skeletal Remains Are Analyzed | |
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Determining the age of a site or specimen | |
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Dating Techniques Based on Radioactive Decay | |
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Dating Techniques Based on Biology | |
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Dating Techniques Based on Radiation Damage | |
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Dating by Measuring Chemical Processes | |
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Dating by Measuring Paleomagnetism | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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African Roots | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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Miocene preface | |
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Fossil Apes of the Miocene | |
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Why the Study of Apes Is Relevant to the Study of Humanity | |
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What Happened to the Apes at the End of the Miocene? | |
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The Irony of Extinction | |
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The first hominids | |
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Late Miocene Hominids | |
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The Genus Australopithecus | |
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Australopithecus afarensis | |
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A fork in the hominid road | |
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A forest of hominids | |
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A different path--homo habilis | |
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The Ability to Make Stone Tools | |
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Oldowan Technology | |
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The Fate of Homo habilis | |
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Issues and debates | |
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What were the first steps in hominid evolution? | |
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How do we know the hominids were upright? | |
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Is there other evidence for bipedality? | |
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Why bipedalism? | |
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The Upright Provider | |
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The Upright Scavenger | |
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The Efficient Walker | |
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The Endurance Runner | |
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Were the early hominids hunters? | |
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Where did the idea for stone tools come from? | |
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What do we know about the early hominid brain? | |
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What caused the proliferation of hominid species? | |
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Rates of change in evolution | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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The Human Lineage | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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Homo erectus | |
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The Evolutionary Position of Homo erectus | |
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Hominids conquer the world | |
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East Asia | |
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Who Was the Hobbit? | |
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Homo erectus: Ocean Explorer? | |
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China | |
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Europe | |
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The age of ice | |
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The Oxygen Isotope Curve | |
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Homo erectus: the toolmaker | |
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Subsistence | |
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Issues and debates | |
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Did the pleistocene cause the evolution of homo erectus? | |
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What enabled the geographic expansion of homo erectus? | |
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Intelligence | |
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Control of Fire | |
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The ""art"" of making tools | |
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The mystery of the missing handaxes | |
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Raising homo erectus | |
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When did homo erectus become extinct? | |
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Stability or change? | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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The First Humans: The Evolution of Homo sapiens | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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Premodern humans: Fossil evidence | |
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Africa | |
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Asia | |
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Europe | |
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Premodern humans: Cultural evidence | |
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The neandertals | |
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Morphological Evidence | |
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Fossil Evidence | |
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Neandertal culture | |
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Stone Tools | |
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Subsistence | |
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Compassion | |
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Symbolic Expression | |
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Burial of the Dead | |
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Anatomically modern homo sapiens | |
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An African Source | |
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Explaining the evolution of us | |
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The replacement model | |
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The multiregional model | |
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A middle ground | |
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Issues and debates | |
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Replacement or continuity? | |
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What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Replacement Model | |
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What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Multiregional Model | |
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What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Middle Ground | |
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Testing the Implications of Replacement and Continuity | |
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Replacement or Continuity? | |
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Why were the neandertals replaced? | |
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Neandertal nation | |
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Could Neandertals Talk? | |
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Did Neandertals Worship Cave Bears? | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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Expanding Intellectual Horizons: Art and Ideas in the Upper Paleolithic | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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An intellectual great leap forward: The late stone age and upper paleolithic | |
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Blade Technology | |
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Broadening the Subsistence Base | |
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Larger Sites of Aggregation | |
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Branching Out in Raw Materials | |
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Abundance of Nonutilitarian Objects | |
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Use of Exotic Raw Materials | |
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More Elaborate Burials | |
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Production of Art | |
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A revolution of intellect: The meaning of upper paleolithic art | |
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The Earliest Art: Australia and Africa | |
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Upper Paleolithic Art in Europe | |
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Figurines | |
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Issues and debates | |
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Is there a gap between the evolution of anatomically modern humans and the development of modern intelligence? | |
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What does the art of the upper paleolithic mean? | |
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Was the paleolithic ""a man's world""? | |
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The importance of living long: The grandmother effect | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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Expanding Geographical Horizons: New Worlds | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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The settlement of greater australia | |
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Paleogeography in the Western Pacific | |
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The Road to Sahul | |
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The Discovery of Greater Australia | |
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The earliest occupation of greater Australia | |
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The Archaeology of Sahul | |
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Willandra Lakes | |
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The spread through Australia | |
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The Australian Interior | |
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Tasmania | |
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Greater Australia: A broad range of adaptations | |
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East into the pacific | |
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A Pacific Islander ""Age of Exploration"" | |
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Pacific Geography | |
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Pacific Archaeology | |
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Why the Pacific Islands Were Settled | |
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Coming to America | |
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The source of los indios | |
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When did the first migrants arrive? | |
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When Was Beringia Exposed and Open for Travel? | |
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When Was Eastern Siberia First Inhabited? | |
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What Is the Age of the Earliest New World Sites? | |
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The first human settlement of america | |
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One If by Land | |
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Two If by Sea | |
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Alaska | |
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Denali and Nenana | |
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Clovis 290 | |
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Clovis Technology | |
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The Clovis Advantage | |
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Clovis Subsistence | |
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First Skeletons | |
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Issues and debates | |
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What other kinds of data can contribute to solving the riddle of the first americans? | |
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Linguistic Diversity | |
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Genetic Diversity | |
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Could native americans really have come from europe instead of asia? | |
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Who--or what--killed the American and Australian megafauna? | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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After the Ice: Cultural Change in the Post-Pleistocene | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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Europe | |
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Mesolithic Subsistence Patterns | |
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Diversity and Regionalization | |
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Trade in the European Mesolithic | |
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Innovation in the Mesolithic | |
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North america | |
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Regionalism in the New World Archaic | |
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Koster: Emblem of the Archaic | |
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A Diverse Set of Adaptations | |
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Asia | |
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Australia | |
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South america | |
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Africa | |
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Issues and debates | |
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Was the mesolithic only a ""prelude""? | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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The Food Producing Revolution | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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Humans taking the place of nature: artificial selection | |
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Why agriculture? | |
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Environmental Change | |
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Cultural Evolution | |
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Population Growth | |
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An Accident | |
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A Multitude of Reasons | |
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Archaeological evidence of human control of plant and animal species | |
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Geography | |
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Size | |
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Seed Morphology | |
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Osteological Changes | |
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Population Characteristics | |
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The Near East | |
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LatePleistocene Foragers in the Near East | |
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The Origins of a Sedentary Life: The Natufian | |
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The First Agriculturalists | |
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A Model of the Shift to a Food-Producing Way of Life in Southwest Asia | |
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Mesoamerica | |
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The First Agriculturalists in the New World | |
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The Tehuacan Valley | |
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The Cultural Sequence at Tehuacan | |
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Primitive Maize-But Not the First Maize | |
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The Shift to Domesticated Foods Among the People of Tehuacan | |
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A Model of the Shift to a Food-Producing Way of Life in Mesoamerica | |
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Africa | |
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Neolithic Culture Complexes in Africa | |
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A Chronology of Food Production | |
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Neolithic Cultures South of the Sahara | |
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East Asia | |
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Chronology of Food Production in China | |
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Food Production in Southeast and Northeast Asia | |
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Europe | |
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The Shift to Agriculture in Southeast Europe | |
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The Shift to Agriculture in Southern Europe | |
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The Shift to Agriculture in Western Europe | |
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North America | |
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Indigenous Domestication North of Mexico | |
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The Appearance of Maize in the Eastern Woodlands | |
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The American Southwest | |
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South America | |
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Three Regional Neolithics | |
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Animal Domestication in South America | |
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Cotton | |
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Issues and debates | |
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How was domestication accomplished? | |
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The Domestication of Wheat | |
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From Teosinte to Maize | |
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Beans | |
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The Nature of Artificial Selection | |
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The remarkably modern cuisine of the ancient world | |
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Neolithic nutrition | |
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Was agriculture the ""worst mistake in the history of the human race""? | |
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Implications of the neolithic: The roots of social complexity | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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The Roots of Complexity: The Origins of Civilization | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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The construction of stonehenge | |
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Imagining stonehenge | |
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Chronicle | |
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Simplicity and complexity | |
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The Origins of Complexity | |
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Why Complexity? | |
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A revolution in subsistence, A revolution in society | |
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A Neolithic Base for Big Men | |
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From Big Men to Chiefs | |
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Complexity's earliest traces in the old world | |
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Jericho | |
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Catalhoyuk | |
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Mesopotamia: Land Between the Rivers | |
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The Roots of Complexity in Southwest Asia | |
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Complexity's earliest traces in the new world | |
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The Olmec | |
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South America | |
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Issues and debates | |
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Is complexity inevitable? | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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The Flowering of Civilization in the Old World: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Pakistan | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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The evolution of the state | |
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The character of civilization | |
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Food Surplus | |
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Large, Dense Populations | |
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Social Stratification | |
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A Formal Government | |
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Labor Specialization | |
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Record Keeping | |
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Monumental Works | |
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The geography of civilizations | |
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Mesopotamia | |
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AcceleratingChange: The Ubaid | |
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The Role of Irrigation | |
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Power Invested in the Temple | |
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Mesopotamia's First Cities: The Uruk Period | |
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The Beginning of the Written Record | |
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Egypt of the pharaohs | |
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The Egyptian Neolithic | |
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Hierakonpolis | |
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First Writing | |
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First Pharaoh | |
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The Flowering of Egypt | |
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The Pyramid Age | |
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Oher Arican civilizations | |
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The Indus Valley civilization | |
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Neolithic Cultures | |
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Flood Control and Civilization in the Indus Valley | |
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Cultural Convergence | |
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Cities of the Indus | |
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The Indus Script | |
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""A Peaceful Realm"" | |
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Issues and debates | |
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Why did state societies develop? | |
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Conflict Models | |
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Integration Models | |
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Many Paths to Civilization | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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The Flowering of Civilization in the Old World: China, Southeast Asia, and Crete | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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The civilization of ancient China | |
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The Lung-shan Culture | |
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Acceleration Toward Civilization | |
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The Shang Civilization | |
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Minoan Crete | |
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The Rediscovery of Minoan Crete | |
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Who Were the Minoans? | |
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The Temple at Knossos | |
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The Eruption on Thera | |
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The Khmer kingdom | |
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The Roots of Angkor | |
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Funan | |
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Chenla | |
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The Khmer | |
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Angkor Wat | |
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Issues and debates | |
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Why were the elites of state societies so conspicuous in their consumption? | |
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| |
Was Minoan Crete Atlantis? | |
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Case study close-up | |
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The terra-cotta army of the first emperor of the Qin dynasty | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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| |
Key Terms | |
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An Explosion of Complexity: New World: Mesoamerica | |
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| |
Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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The maya | |
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Maya Writings | |
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Peak of the Maya | |
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Teotihuacan | |
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Teotihuacan History | |
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A Monumental City | |
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Residences of Teotihuacan's Citizens | |
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The Reach of Teotihuacan | |
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The Aztecs | |
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Issues and debates | |
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| |
Why did the Maya collapse? | |
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| |
Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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| |
Summary | |
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| |
To Learn More | |
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| |
Key Terms | |
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| |
| |
An Explosion of Complexity: New World: South America | |
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| |
Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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| |
Chronicle | |
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| |
Moche | |
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Empires: Tiwanaku | |
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Empires: Wari | |
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Empires: Sican and Chimu | |
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Empires: The Inca | |
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The Inca Military Empire | |
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A State Without Writing? | |
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The End of the Inca State | |
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| |
Issues and debates | |
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| |
Why do civilizations collapse? | |
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| |
Causes of Collapse | |
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| |
The Role of Environment in Collapse | |
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| |
Collapse: A Multiplicity of Causes | |
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| |
Case study close-up | |
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| |
Visiting the past | |
| |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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The Diversity of Complexity: Ranked Societies in the Old and New Worlds | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Prelude | |
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Chronicle | |
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Complexity in prehistoric America north of Mexico | |
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The Development of Complexity | |
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The Mississippian Temple Mound Builders | |
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Cahokia | |
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The American southwest | |
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Hohokam | |
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Mogollon | |
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Ancestral Puebloan | |
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Northwest coast of North America | |
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Great Zimbabwe | |
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The Glory of Zimbabwe | |
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Issues and debates | |
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Is the state inevitable? | |
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The myth of the mound builders | |
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What happened to the ancestral puebloans? | |
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Case study close-up | |
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Visiting the past | |
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Summary | |
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To Learn More | |
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Key Terms | |
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Evolutionary Epilogue | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Past perspectives, future directions | |
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The Human Adaptation | |
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From Stone Tools to Star Trek | |
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Many Pathways | |
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Key Terms | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |