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| Crime and the Criminal Justice System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Crime? | |
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| Measuring Crime | |
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| The Philosophies of the Criminal Justice System | |
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| Retribution | |
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| Deterrence | |
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| Rehabilitation | |
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| A System of Checks and Balances | |
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| The Four C's of the Criminal Justice System (Citizens, Cops, Courts, and Corrections) | |
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| Recent Trends in Criminal Justice | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Theories/Explanations of Crime | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theoretical Schools of Thought | |
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| The Classical School | |
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| The Positivist School | |
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| Neoclassicism | |
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| Biological Explanations | |
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| Physical Appearance Theories | |
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| Genetics and Inheritance Explanations | |
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| Biosocial Approaches | |
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| Psychological Explanations | |
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| Psychoanalytic Approaches | |
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| Developmental Explanations | |
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| Learning Theories | |
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| Personality Traits | |
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| Sociological Explanations | |
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| The Ecological Perspective | |
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| Sociological Learning Theories | |
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| Subcultural Approaches | |
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| Routine Activities and Rational Choice | |
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| Social Control Theories | |
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| Strain Theories | |
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| The Labeling Perspective | |
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| Conflict Theories | |
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| Theory Integration | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Policing and Law Enforcement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Law Enforcement | |
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| Order Maintenance | |
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| Service | |
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| StructureLocal | |
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| Sheriff | |
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| State | |
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| Federal | |
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| Special Police | |
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| Tribal | |
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| OrganizationSworn vs. Civilian | |
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| Geography | |
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| Time | |
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| Police Work and Career Paths | |
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| The Hiring Process | |
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| Field Training | |
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| Promotion | |
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| Specialties | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| The American Experience | |
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| Political Era | |
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| Professional Era | |
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| Community Policing Era | |
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| Enduring Elements and Issues | |
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| Police Subculture | |
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| Police Corruption | |
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| Harassment | |
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| Improper Use of Force | |
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| The Blue Wall | |
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| Who Will Guard the Guardians? | |
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| Future Issues | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Courts and Legal Issues | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Common Law | |
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| Sources of Law | |
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| Criminal vs. Civil Law | |
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| Adversarial System | |
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| Due Process vs. Crime Control | |
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| The Court System | |
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| Dual Court System | |
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| Jurisdiction | |
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| Assembly-Line Justice | |
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| Courtroom Workgroup | |
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| Attrition and Plea Bargaining | |
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| Federal Court System | |
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| State Court Systems | |
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| Court Actors | |
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| Prosecutors | |
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| Defense Attorneys | |
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| Judges | |
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| Movement of Cases Through the Court System | |
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| Current Issues | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Corrections | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Contemporary Corrections | |
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| Punishment in Contemporary America | |
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| Sentencing and Sanctions | |
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| Sentencing Models | |
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| Available Sanctions | |
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| Community Supervision and Intermediate Sanctions | |
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| Jails | |
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| Prisons and Correctional Institutions | |
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| Prison Life, Release, and Reintegration | |
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| Future Issues Facing Corrections | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Juvenile Justice System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defining Delinquency | |
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| The Development of the Juvenile Justice System | |
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| The Philosophy of the System | |
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| The Police and Juveniles | |
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| The Juvenile Court | |
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| Detention | |
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| The Intake Decision | |
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| The Transfer (or Waiver) Decision | |
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| Adjudication | |
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| Disposition | |
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| Due Process for Juveniles | |
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| Juvenile Corrections | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Institutional and Residential Interventions | |
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| Community Interventions | |
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| Special Topics | |
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| Gangs | |
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| Drugs and Delinquency | |
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| Capital Punishment and Juveniles | |
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| Calls to Eliminate the Juvenile System | |
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| Suggested Readings | |