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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Study Logic | |
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| Logic as a Defensive Tool | |
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| Deductive Reasoning | |
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| Valid, Invalid, and Sound Arguments | |
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| Logic and Belief Testing | |
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| Key Terminology | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Arguments and Language | |
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| Recognizing Arguments | |
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| Other Uses of Language | |
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| Meaning and Clarification | |
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| What is Truth? | |
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| Key Terminology | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Inductive Reasoning and Reasonable Beliefs | |
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| Deduction and Induction | |
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| Induction and Reliable Beliefs | |
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| Induction: A Case Study | |
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| Logic and Creativity | |
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| Key Terminology | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Informal Fallacies I | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Value of Abstraction | |
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| Fallacies of Relevance | |
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| Appeal to Popularity | |
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| Appeal to Authority | |
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| Traditional Wisdom | |
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| Provincialism | |
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| Appeal to Loyalty | |
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| Two Wrongs Make a Right | |
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| Ad Hominem Abusive and Circumstantial | |
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| Irrelevant Reason | |
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| Key Terminology | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Informal Fallacies II | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fallacies of Questionable Premise | |
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| Slippery Slope | |
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| Questionable Dilemma | |
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| Straw Person | |
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| Fallacies of Weak Induction | |
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| Hasty Conclusion | |
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| Questionable Cause | |
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| Appeal to Ignorance | |
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| Fallacies of Presumption | |
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| Begging the Question | |
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| Complex Question | |
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| Ambiguity-Equivocation | |
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| Questionable Analogy | |
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| Suppressed Evidence | |
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| Key Terminology | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Logic and Hope | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Symbolic Translation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Logical Connectives | |
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| Usage Dictionary of Logical Connectives | |
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| Exercise I | |
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| Exercise II | |
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| Complex Translations, the Use of Parentheses, and Arguments | |
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| Exercise III | |
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| Exercise IV | |
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| Exercise V | |
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| Bit Brains Logical Connectives, and Truth Tables | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Symbolic Pictures of Logical Connectives: And, Or, and Not | |
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| Exercise I | |
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| Logical Connectives Continued: If . . . then . . . and If and only if | |
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| Exercise II | |
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| Short Cuts and Human Learning | |
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| Truth Tables, Validity, and Logical Pictures | |
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| Exercise III | |
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| Exercise IV | |
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| Argument Forms and Variables | |
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| Exercise V | |
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| Brief Truth Tables | |
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| Exercise VI | |
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| Symbolic Trails and Formal Proofs of Validity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity | |
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| Recognizing Forms: Copi's ""Nine"" Rules of Inference | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Strategies for Pattern Recognition | |
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| Justifying Reasoning Trails with the Rules of Inference | |
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| Exercises | |
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| On Your Own, Constructing Formal Proofs with the Rules of Inference | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Translations and Formal Proofs | |
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| Symbolic Trails and Formal Proofs of Validity, Part 2 | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Application Practice | |
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| The Nineteen Rules | |
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| Rules of Replacement Exercises | |
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| Commonsense Origins | |
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| Strategies for Pattern Recognition Revisited | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Subroutines | |
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| Direction, Strategies, and Working Backward | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Brief Truth Tables Revisited and Decision Strategies | |
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| Translation and Formal Proof Exercises | |
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| Holiday Adventures | |
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| Clarification Exercises | |
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| Other Logical Tools: Syllogisms and Quantification | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Syllogisms and Quantification Logic | |
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| Usage Dictionary | |
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| Dictionary Elaboration | |
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| Exercise I | |
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| Proving Validity in Quantification Logic | |
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| The Square of Opposition and Change of Quantifier Rules | |
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| Exercise II | |
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| Exercise III | |
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| Exercise IV | |
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| Exercise V | |
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| Exercise VI | |
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| Exercise VII | |
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| Final Note | |
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| Frontiers of Logic--Fuzzy Logic: Can Aristotle and Buddha Get Along? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Bivalent Logic and Paradoxes | |
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| Fuzzy Interpretations and Degrees of Truth | |
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| Fuzzy Conditionals and Fuzzy Validity | |
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| Resolution of Paradoxes and Implications | |
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| Philosophy: What about reality? | |
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| Exercise I | |
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| Exercises II-IV | |
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| Exercises V | |