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| Contributors | |
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| Introduction: Penal Policies at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century | |
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| The Importance of Penal Policy | |
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| The Determinants of Penal Policy | |
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| The Transferability of Penal Policy | |
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| The Spread of Innovation | |
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| Penal Developments in America | |
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| The Punitiveness Story | |
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| The Sentencing Story | |
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| The Fragmntation Story | |
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| The United States | |
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| U.S. Sentencing Systems Fragmenting | |
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| The Status of Sentencing Guideline Reforms in the United States | |
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| Political Preoccupation with Crime Leads, Not Follows, Public Opinion | |
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| The Penal System as Labor Market Institution: Jobs and Jails, 1980-1995 | |
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| Why are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High? | |
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| Early State Guidelines Systems | |
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| Washington State Sentencing Changes, 1994-1997 | |
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| Ohio Guidelines Take Effect | |
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| Pennsylvania Revises Sentencing Guidelines | |
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| North Carolina Prepares for Guidelines Sentencing | |
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| Sentencing Changes in North Carolina | |
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| Flexibility in North Carolina Structured Sentencing, 1995-1997 | |
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| Penal Developments in Europe and Japan | |
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| Incarceration Rates across the World, Andre Kuhn | |
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| Penal Sanctions and the Use of Imprisonment in Denmark | |
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| Sentencing Law, Policy, and Patterns in Sweden, Nils | |
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| Norway Prison Use Up Slightly, Community Penalties Lots | |
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| Sentencing and Punishment in Finland | |
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| Recent Trends in Finnish Sentencing Policy | |
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| Germany | |
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| Sentencing and Punishment in Germany | |
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| France | |
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| French Prison Numbers Stable since 1988, but Populations Changing | |
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| Netherlands | |
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| Sentencing and Punishment in the Netherlands | |
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| Prison Population Growing Faster in the Netherlands than in the United States | |
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| The Netherlands Adopts Numerical Prosecution Guidelines | |
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| New Sanctions Proliferating in the Netherlands | |
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| Dutch | |
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| Penal Policies Changing Direction | |
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| Switzerland | |
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| Sentencing in Switzerland in 2000 | |
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| Japan | |
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| Prison Population in Japan Stable for 30 Years | |
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| Penal Developments in English-Speaking Countries | |
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| Australia | |
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| Sentencing and Punishment in Australia in the 1990s | |
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| Prison Populations Up, Sentencing Policy Harsher in Australia | |
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| Understanding Rising Prison Populations in Australia | |
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| Canada | |
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| Reforming Sentencing and Parole in Canada | |
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| Imprisonment Rates in Canada: One Law, 10 Outcomes | |
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| England/Wales | |
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| New Sentencing Laws Take Effect in England | |
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| English Penal Policies and Prisons: Going for Broke, Rod Morgan | |
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| English Believe Sentences Soft and Crime Rising | |
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| Imprisonment in England and Wales: Flood Tide, but on the Turn? | |
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| English Sentencing: From Enlightenment to Darkness in a Decade | |
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| Ireland | |
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| Sentencing and Punishment in Ireland | |
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| References | |
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| Acknowledgm | |