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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Environmental Ethics? | |
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| Environmental Ethics Under Attack | |
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| Disturbing Trends in Human Health | |
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| Future Generations | |
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| World Trade | |
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| Population Growth and Obligations to the World's Poor | |
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| Obligations to Nonhumans | |
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| Preview of Chapters | |
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| Anthropocentrism | |
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| 1 | |
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| Overpopulation and Scarcity | |
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| What Are Free Markets? | |
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| Cornucopian Economics | |
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| The Tragedy of the Commons | |
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| Public Goods, Externalities, and Government Coercion | |
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| Trading Pollution Permits | |
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| A Market Approach to Overpopulation | |
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| Lifeboat Ethics | |
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| Psychological Egoism and the Possibility of Sharing | |
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| Human Rights | |
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| Energy, Economics, and Future Generations | |
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| Global Warming and Future Generations | |
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| Human Rights and the Futurity Problem | |
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| Fair Contracts and Future Generations | |
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| Environmental Tradeoffs and Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| CBA and Increasing Scarcity | |
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| CBA and Political Equality | |
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| CBA and Future Generations | |
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| Competing Human-Centered Values | |
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| Environmental Hazards in the Third World | |
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| How Much Money Is a Human Life Worth? | |
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| Should Prostitution Be Legalized? | |
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| Non-economic vs. Economic Anthropocentrism | |
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| Aesthetic Values | |
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| National Heritage | |
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| Transformative Values and Future Generations | |
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| Moral Pluralism | |
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| Moral Relativism | |
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| Nonanthropocentrism | |
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| Animal Liberation and Utilitarianism | |
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| Cruelty to Animals | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Speciesism | |
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| Animal Husbandry | |
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| Vegetarianism | |
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| Rodeos and Bullfights | |
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| The Replacement Argument | |
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| Against Hedonism | |
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| Preference Utilitarianism | |
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| Animal Rights and Medical Research | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nature of Rights | |
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| Immortal Souls and Rights | |
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| Language, Abstract Thinking, and Rights | |
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| Moral Personality and Rights | |
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| Contracts and Rights | |
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| An Animal's Right to Life | |
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| The Benefits of Experiments on Animals | |
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| Animal Rights vs. Animal Research | |
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| Limited Animal Rights in Reflective Equilibrium | |
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| Animal Research in Reflective Equilibrium | |
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| Species Diversity and Gaia | |
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| Massive Extinction of Species | |
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| Causes of Extinction | |
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| Why Do We Protect Endangered Species? | |
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| Animal Rights vs. Species Preservation | |
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| Species as Individual Living Things | |
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| The Gaia Hypothesis | |
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| From Science to Metaphor | |
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| Metaphors and Moral Implications | |
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| Mechanical and Organic Metaphors for Nature | |
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| The Land Ethic | |
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| Hunting Animals to Preserve Ecosystems | |
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| The Nature of Ecosystems | |
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| Does Hunting Help or Hurt Ecosystems? | |
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| Why Value Ecosystems? | |
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| Conflicting Moral Commitments | |
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| Tigers and Elephants in the Third World | |
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| Environmental Synergism | |
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| Human Rights, Agriculture, and Biodiversity | |
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| Poverty, Efficiency, and Human Rights | |
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| Environmental Synergism | |
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| The Benefits of High-tech Agriculture | |
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| Specialization Leads to Preoccupation with Money | |
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| Fouling Our Own Nest | |
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| Sustainability Problems | |
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| The Green Revolution | |
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| Biodiversity and Human Welfare | |
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| Anthropocentrism or Synergism? | |
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| Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice | |
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| From Feminism to Ecofeminism | |
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| Women as Subordinate | |
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| Indigenous People as Subordinate | |