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| Foreword | |
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| What Does Environmental Economics Have to Do With the Environment? | |
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| Some Historical Problems | |
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| Analyses of Causes and Solutions | |
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| Getting Closer to Specifics | |
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| A Sketch of Environmental Policy Choices | |
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| Development and the Environment | |
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| A Concluding Theme | |
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| Background on Actual Policy Choices | |
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| A Little History | |
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| Efforts to Deal Legislatively with the Environment in the United States | |
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| The 1970s -- A Decade of Environmental Legislation | |
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| Summarizing the Place of Economics in Environmental Legislation in the U.S | |
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| A Few Comments on International Comparisons and Global Concerns | |
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| Things to Keep in Mind | |
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| Microeconomics: Review and Extensions | |
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| Demand, Willingness to Pay, and Surpluses | |
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| Optimization in Microeconomics | |
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| Supply/Marginal Cost | |
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| Social Welfare Notions: Prices and Optimality | |
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| Notes on Optimization and the Choice of Environmental Policy | |
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| Optimization in Microeconomics | |
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| Reminders | |
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| Appendix I. Chapter 3 | |
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| Rationality | |
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| Demand Functions and Willingness to Pay | |
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| Time and Uncertainty | |
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| Ignorance of the Future | |
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| Risk and Uncertainty | |
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| Appendix II. Chapter 3 | |
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| Correcting Market Failures: Is Partial Correction Better Than Nothing? | |
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| Optimizing with Inconveniently Shaped Functions | |
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| When Available Future Decisions are Changed by Present Decisions | |
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| An Introduction to the ""Environmental"" Part of Environmental Economics | |
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| Functions of the Environment Relevant to Environmental Economics | |
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| Models of the Natural World | |
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| More About Space, Time, and Randomness | |
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| Ignorance | |
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| Concluding Comments and Reminders | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Management of the Environment | |
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| Going Beyond the Simplest Optimizing Problem | |
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| A More Formal and Complex Model of the Optimizing Problem | |
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| Doing Less Than Basin-Wide Net Benefit Maximization | |
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| Damage and Benefit Estimation: Background and Introduction | |
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| Practical Arguments | |
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| Ethical Objections and Counter Considerations | |
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| Some Important Misunderstandings about Econmics | |
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| Some Possible Bases for Valuing Environmental Goods and Services | |
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| The Heart of the Econmic Approach | |
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| Benefit ""Routes"" -- A Brief Review | |
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| Conclusions and Reminders | |
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| Indirect Benefit Estimation | |
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| Demand Shifts: Complementarity | |
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| Cost Shifts: Averting, Replacing, or Curing Expenditure | |
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| Travel Cost and Its Relation to Environmental Quality | |
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| Comments on Indirect Methods of Benefit Estimation More Generally | |
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| Conclusions and Reminders | |
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| Direct Methods of Benefit Estimation | |
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| Strategic Responses | |
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| Cognitive Difficulties and Lack of Knowledge | |
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| Some Other Challenges for Direct Questioning Methods | |
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| Conjoint Analysis | |
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| Three Final, Practical Problems | |
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| An Attempt at a Bottom Line on Direct Questioning Techniques | |
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| Policy Instruments I: Some Basic Results and Confusions | |
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| Narrowing Down | |
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| Bases for Judging Among Instruments | |
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| Static Efficiency | |
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| Contrasting the Static and Dynamic Cases | |
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| A Word About Subsidies | |
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| A Summary to This Point | |
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| Policy Instruments II: Other Considerations and More Exotic Instruments | |
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| Comparing Instruments: Other Considerations | |
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| General Institutional Demands | |
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| Prices, Ethics and Politics in Environmental Policy | |
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| Other Dimensions of Judgment | |
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| Beyond Administered Prices and Straightforward Regulations | |
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| Liability Provisions | |
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| The Provision of Information | |
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| Challenge Regulation | |
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| Concluding Comments and Reminders | |
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| Monitoring and Enforcement | |
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| Characteristics of Various M & E Settings | |
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| Elements of a Monitoring and Enforcement System | |
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| Some Simple Economics of Monitoring and Enforcement | |
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| Monitoring and Complicance as a Decision Under Uncertainty | |
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| Conclusions and Reminders | |
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| Dealing with Risk: The Normative Model and Some Limitations | |
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| Rational Models for Dealing with Risk | |
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| Cognitive Problems with Risky Decisions | |
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| Some Conclusions | |
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| Risk Analysis and Risky Decisions: Some Applications | |
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| Risk Analysis and Risk Management | |
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| Irreversible Decisions, Ignorance, and the Techniques for Informing Decisions | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Development and Environment: Descriptive Statistics and Special Challenges | |
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| Trying to Understand Economic Growth and Sustainability | |
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| Describing Countries and Their Health and Environmental Problems | |
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| Back to the Question of Special Challenges | |
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| Does Rising Income Lead to Better Environment and Thus to Sustainability? | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Estimating Environmental Quality Benefit or Damages in Developing Countries | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Benefit Estimation Methods for the Developing Country Setting | |
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| Direct, Hypothetical or ""Stated Preference"" Methods | |
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| Some Evidence on Contrasts Between Developing and Developed Countries | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Choosing Instruments of Environmental Policy in the Developing Country Context | |
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| The Institutional Setting in Developing Countries | |
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| Are Market-based Environmental Policy Instruments the Best Answer for Developing Countries? Observations and Suggestions | |
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| Some Evidence on the Actual Choices of Environmental Policy Instruments Being Made in Latin America | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Appendix I. Chapter 16 | |
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| Some Detail on Institutional Capabilities and Market Configurations in Latin America | |
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| Developing Country Environments and OECD Country Tastes: An Asymmetric Relation | |
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| Some Possibilities for Cross-Border Influence | |
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| Where Does That Leave Us? | |