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| Fundamental Constants | |
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| The Thermodynamics of Liquid Solutions | |
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| Most Liquid Solutions Are Not Ideal | |
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| Concentration Units | |
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| Thermodynamic Quantities | |
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| Partial Molar Quantities | |
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| Ideal Solutions--Raoult's Law | |
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| Thermodynamics of Ideal Solutions | |
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| Non-Ideal Solutions | |
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| Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Solutions | |
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| Regular Solutions | |
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| An Empirical Approach to Non-Ideal Solutions | |
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| Ideally Dilute Solutions | |
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| Thermodynamics of Ideally Dilute Solutions | |
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| Experimental Determination of Solution Activities | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Structure of Liquids | |
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| What Is a Liquid? | |
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| The Statistical Thermodynamics of Liquids | |
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| Intermolecular Forces | |
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| Distribution and Correlation Functions | |
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| The Experimental Study of Liquid Structure | |
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| The Direct Correlation Function and the Mean Spherical Approximation | |
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| Computer Simulations of Simple Liquids | |
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| Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties from the Pair Correlation Function | |
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| The Properties of a Hard-Sphere Fluid | |
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| The Structure of Water | |
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| Distribution Functions for Liquid Solutions | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Electrolyte Solutions | |
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| Electrolyte Solutions Are Always Non-Ideal | |
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| Ionic Size in Solutions | |
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| The Thermodynamics of Ion-Solvent Interactions | |
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| Ion-Solvent Interactions According to the Born Model | |
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| Ion-Solvent Interactions According to the Mean Spherical Approximation | |
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| The Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions | |
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| The Experimental Determination of Activity Coefficients for Electrolytes | |
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| Ion-Ion Interactions According to the Debye-Huckel Model | |
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| Ion-Ion Interactions According to the MSA | |
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| The Thermodynamics of Ion Association | |
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| Ion Association According to the MSA | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Polar Solvents | |
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| What Constitutes a Polar Liquid? | |
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| Some Important Properties of Polar Solvents | |
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| The Static Solvent Permittivity on the Basis of Continuum Models | |
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| The Static Solvent Permittivity According to the MSA | |
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| Dielectric Relaxation Phenomena | |
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| The Permittivity of Electrolyte Solutions | |
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| The Dielectric Relaxation Parameters | |
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| Ion Solvation in Polar Solvents | |
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| Polar Solvents as Lewis Acids and Bases | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Spectroscopic Studies of Liquid Structure and Solvation | |
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| What Spectroscopic Techniques Are Available? | |
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| X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Experiments | |
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| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Solutions | |
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| NMR Studies of Ion Solvation in Water | |
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| NMR Studies of Ion Solvation in Non-Aqueous Solvents | |
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| Vibrational Spectroscopy in Solutions | |
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| Infrared Spectroscopy of Polar Solvents | |
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| Infrared Spectroscopy of Non-Electrolyte Solutions | |
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| Infrared Spectroscopy of Electrolyte Solutions | |
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| Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy and Solvatochromic Effects | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Liquids and Solutions | |
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| Non-Equilibrium Processes Are Usually Complex | |
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| The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes | |
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| The Viscosity of Liquids | |
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| Isothermal Diffusion in Solutions | |
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| Linear Diffusion from a Wall | |
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| The Electrochemical Potential | |
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| The Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions | |
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| Experimental Studies of Conductivity | |
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| The Debye-Onsager Model for Conductivity | |
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| Transport Phenomena in Non-Aqueous Solutions | |
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| Proton Transport Phenomena | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Chemical Reaction Kinetics in Solution | |
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| What Time Scales Are Involved for Chemical Reactions in Solution? | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| General Types of Solution Reactions | |
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| Temperature Effects and Transition State Theory | |
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| Diffusion-Controlled Rapid Reactions | |
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| Relaxation Techniques for Rapid Reactions | |
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| Laser Spectroscopy and Femtochemistry in Solutions | |
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| The Theory of Homogeneous Electron Transfer | |
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| NMR Spectroscopy and Chemical Exchange Reactions | |
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| Medium Effects in Solution Reactions | |
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| Linear Gibbs Energy Relationships | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Liquids and Solutions at Interfaces | |
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| The Molecular Environment at the Interface Is Different than in the Bulk | |
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| The Interfacial Tension of Liquids | |
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| The Thermodynamics of Fluid Interfaces | |
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| The Electrical Aspects of Interfaces | |
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| The Work Function for Electrons in Metals | |
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| The Liquid[vertical bar]Gas Interface and the Adsorption Isotherm | |
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| Experimental Measurement of the Volta Potential Difference at Interfaces | |
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| The Metal[vertical bar]Solution Interface | |
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| The Liquid[vertical bar]Liquid Interface | |
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| Surface Films on Liquids | |
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| Spectroscopy at Liquid Interfaces | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Charge Transfer Equilibria at Interfaces | |
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| Electrochemical Equilibria Occur at a Wide Variety of Interfaces | |
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| Electrochemical Cells | |
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| The Thermodynamic Basis of the Nernst Equation | |
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| The Absolute Electrode Potential | |
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| Experimental Studies of Electrochemical Cells | |
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| Electrochemical Cells for Electroanalysis | |
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| The Liquid Junction Potential | |
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| Membrane Potentials and the Donnan Effect | |
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| Ion-Selective Electrodes | |
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| p-Functions and the Definition of pH | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Electrical Double Layer | |
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| The Electrical Double Layer Is an Example of Electrostatic Equilibrium | |
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| The Thermodynamics of the Ideally Polarizable Interface | |
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| The Experimental Study of the Double Layer | |
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| The Structure of the Double Layer | |
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| The Potential of Zero Charge and the Role of the Metal | |
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| The Gouy-Chapman Model of the Diffuse Double Layer | |
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| The Structure of the Inner Layer in the Absence of Adsorption | |
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| The Specific Adsorption of Ions | |
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| The Adsorption of Molecules at Electrodes | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Mathematical Background | |
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| Laplace Transforms | |
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| Fourier Transforms | |
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| Complex Numbers and Functions | |
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| Power Series | |
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| The Laws of Electricity and Magnetism | |
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| Numerical Methods of Data Analysis | |
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| The Principle of Least Squares | |
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| Linear Regression | |
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| Multiple Linear Regression | |
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| Numerical Methods | |
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| Numerical Interpolation | |
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| Numerical Integration | |
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| Numerical Differentiation | |
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| Index | |