| |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is an Operating System? | |
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| The Operating System as an Extended Machine | |
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| The Operating System as a Resource Manager | |
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| History of Operating Systems | |
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| The First Generation | |
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| The Second Generation | |
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| The Third Generation | |
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| The Fourth Generation | |
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| Computer Hardware Review | |
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| Processors | |
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| Memory | |
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| Disks | |
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| Tapes | |
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| I/O Devices | |
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| Buses | |
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| Booting the Computer | |
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| The Operating System Zoo | |
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| Mainframe Operating Systems | |
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| Server Operating Systems | |
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| Multiprocessor Operating Systems | |
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| Personal Computer Operating Systems | |
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| Handheld Computer Operating Systems | |
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| Embedded Operating Systems | |
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| Sensor Node Operating Systems | |
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| Real-Time Operating Systems | |
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| Smart Card Operating Systems | |
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| Operating System Concepts | |
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| Processes | |
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| Address Spaces | |
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| Files | |
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| Input/Output | |
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| Protection | |
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| The Shell | |
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| Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny | |
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| System Calls | |
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| System Calls for Process Management | |
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| System Calls for File Management | |
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| System Calls for Directory Management | |
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| Miscellaneous System Calls | |
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| The Windows Win32 API | |
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| Operating System Structure | |
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| Monolithic Systems | |
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| Layered Systems | |
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| Microkernels | |
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| Client-Server Model | |
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| Virtual Machines | |
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| Exokernels | |
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| The World According to C | |
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| The C Language | |
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| Header Files | |
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| Large Programming Projects | |
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| The Model of Run Time | |
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| Research on Operating Systems | |
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| Outline of the Rest of This Book | |
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| Metric Units | |
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| Summary | |
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| Processes and Threads | |
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| Processes | |
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| The Process Model | |
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| Process Creation | |
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| Process Termination | |
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| Process Hierarchies | |
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| Process States | |
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| Implementation of Processes | |
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| Modeling Multiprogramming | |
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| Threads | |
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| Thread Usage | |
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| The Classical Thread Model | |
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| POSIX Threads | |
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| Implementing Threads in User Space | |
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| Implementing Threads in the Kernel | |
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| Hybrid Implementations | |
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| Scheduler Activations | |
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| Pop-Up Threads | |
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| Making Single-Threaded Code Multithreaded | |
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| Interprocess Communication | |
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| Race Conditions | |
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| Critical Regions | |
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| Mutual Exclusion with Busy Waiting | |
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| Sleep and Wakeup | |
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| Semaphores | |
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| Mutexes | |
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| Monitors | |
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| Message Passing | |
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| Barriers | |
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| Scheduling | |
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| Introduction to Scheduling | |
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| Scheduling in Batch Systems | |
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| Scheduling in Interactive Systems | |
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| Scheduling in Real-Time Systems | |
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| Policy versus Mechanism | |
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| Thread Scheduling | |
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| Classical IPC Problems | |
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| The Dining Philosophers Problem | |
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| The Readers and Writers Problem | |
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| Research on Processes and Threads | |
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| Summary | |
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| Memory Management | |
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| No Memory Abstraction | |
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| A Memory Abstraction: Address Spaces | |
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| The Notion of an Address Space | |
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| Swapping | |
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| Managing Free Memory | |
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| Virtual Memory | |
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| Paging | |
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| Page Tables | |
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| Speeding Up Paging | |
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| Page Tables for Large Memories | |
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| Page Lacement Algorithms | |
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| The Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm | |
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| The Not Recently Used Page Replacement Algorithm | |
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| The First-In, First-Out | |
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| The Second Chance Page Replacement Algorithm | |
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| The Clock Page Replacement Algorithm | |
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| The Least Recently Used | |
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| Simulating LRU in Software | |
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| The Working Set Page Replacement Algorithm | |
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| The WSClock Page Replacement Algorithm | |
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| Summary of Page Replacement Algorithms | |
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| |
| |
| Design Issues For Paging Systems | |
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| Local versus Global Allocation Policies | |
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| Load Control | |
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| Page Size | |
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| Separate Instruction and Data Spaces | |
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| Shared Pages | |
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| Shared Libraries | |
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| Mapped Files | |
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| Cleaning Policy | |
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| Virtual Memory Interface | |
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| Implementation Issues | |
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| Operating System Involvement with Paging | |
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| Page Fault Handling | |
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| Instruction Backup | |
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| Locking Pages in Memory | |
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| Backing Store | |
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| Separation of Policy and Mechanism | |
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| Segmentation | |
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| Implementation of Pure Segmentation | |
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| |
| |
| Segmentation with Paging: MULTICS | |
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| |
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| Segmentation with Paging: The Intel Pentium | |
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| |
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| Research on Memory Management | |
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| |
| Summary | |
| |
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| |
| File systems | |
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| Files | |
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| File Naming | |
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| File Structure | |
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| File Types | |
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| File Access | |
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| File Attributes | |
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| File Operations | |
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| An Example Program Using File System Calls | |
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| Directories | |
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| Single-Level Directory Systems | |
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| Hierarchical Directory Systems | |
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| Path Names | |
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| Directory Operations | |
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| File System Implementation | |
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| File System Layout | |
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| Implementing Files | |
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| Implementing Directories | |
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| Shared Files | |
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| Log-Structured File Systems | |
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| Journaling File Systems | |
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| Virtual File Systems | |
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| |
| File System Management and Optimization | |
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| Disk Space Management | |
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| |
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| File System Backups | |
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| File System Consistency | |
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| |
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| File System Performance | |
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| |
| |
| Defragmenting Disks | |
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| |
| |
| Example File Systems | |
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| |
| |
| CD-ROM File Systems | |
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| |
| |
| The MS-DOS File System | |
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| |
| The UNIX V7 File System | |
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| |
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| Research on File Systems | |
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| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Input/Output | |
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| |
| |
| Principles of I/O Hardware | |
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| I/O Devices | |
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| |
| |
| Device Controllers | |
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| |
| |
| Memory-Mapped I/O | |
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| |
| |
| Direct Memory Access | |
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| |
| |
| Interrupts Revisited | |
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| |
| |
| Principles of I/O Software | |
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| |
| Goals of the I/O Software | |
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| Programmed I/O | |
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| |
| |
| Interrupt-Driven I/O | |
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| |
| |
| I/O Using DMA | |
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| |
| |
| I/O Software Layers | |
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| |
| |
| Interrupt Handlers | |
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| |
| |
| Device Drivers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Device-Independent I/O Software | |
| |
| |
| |
| User-Space I/O Software | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disks | |
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| |
| |
| Disk Hardware | |
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| |
| |
| Disk Formatting | |
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| |
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| Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithms | |
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| Error Handling | |
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| |
| |
| Stable Storage | |
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| |
| |
| Clocks | |
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| |
| |
| Clock Hardware | |
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| |
| Clock Software | |
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| |
| |
| Soft Timers | |
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| |
| |
| User Interfaces: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor | |
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| |
| |
| Input Software | |
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| |
| |
| Output Software | |
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| |
| |
| Thin Clients | |
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| |
| |
| Power Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hardware Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operating System Issues: | |
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| |
| |
| Application Program Issues | |
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| |
| |
| Research on Input/Output | |
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| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deadlocks | |
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| |
| |
| Resources | |
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| |
| |
| Preemptable and Nonpreemptable Resources | |
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| |
| |
| Resource Acquisition | |
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| |
| |
| Introduction to Deadlocks | |
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| |
| |
| Conditions for Resource Deadlocks | |
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| |
| |
| Deadlock Modeling | |
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| |
| |
| The Ostrich Algorithm | |
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| |
| |
| Deadlock Detection and Recovery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deadlock Detection with One Resource of Each Type | |
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| |
| |
| Deadlock Detection with Multiple Resources of Each Type | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recovery from Deadlock | |
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| |
| |
| Deadlock Avoidance | |
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| |
| |
| Resource Trajectories | |
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| |
| |
| Safe and Unsafe States | |
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| |
| |
| The Banker's Algorithm for a Single Resource | |
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| |
| |
| The Banker's Algorithm for Multiple Resources | |
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| |
| |
| Deadlock Prevention | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attacking the Mutual Exclusion Condition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attacking the Hold and Wait Condition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attacking the No Preemption Condition | |
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| |
| |
| Attacking the Circular Wait Condition | |
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| |
| |
| Other Issues | |
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| |
| |
| Two-Phase Locking | |
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| |
| |
| Communication Deadlocks | |
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| |
| |
| Livelock | |
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| |
| Starvation | |
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| |
| |
| Research on Deadlocks | |
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| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multimedia Operating Systems | |
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| |
| |
| Introduction to Multimedia | |
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| |
| Multimedia Files | |
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| |
| |
| Video Encoding | |
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| Audio Encoding | |
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| Video Compression | |
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| |
| |
| The JPEG Standard | |
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| The MPEG Standard | |
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| |
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| Audio Compression | |
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| |
| |
| Multimedia Process Scheduling | |
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| |
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| Scheduling Homogeneous Processes | |
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| General Real-Time Scheduling | |
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| Rate Monotonic Scheduling | |
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| |
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| Earliest Deadline First Scheduling | |
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| |
| |
| Multimedia File System Parad | |
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| |
| |
| VCR Control Functions | |
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| Near Video on Demand | |
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| Near Video on Demand with VCR Functions | |
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| |
| |
| File placement | |
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| |
| Placing a File on a Single Disk | |
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| |
| |
| Two Alternative File Organization Strategies | |
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| |
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| Placing Files for Near Video on Demand | |
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| |
| |
| Placing Multiple Files on a Single Disk | |
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| Placing Files on Multiple Disks | |
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| |
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| Caching | |
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| |
| |
| Block Caching | |
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| |
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| File Caching | |
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| |
| |
| Disk Scheduling For Multimedia | |
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| Static Disk Scheduling | |
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| Dynamic Disk Scheduling | |
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| |
| |
| Research on Multimedia | |
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| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple Processor Systems | |
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| |
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| Multiprocessors | |
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| |
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| Multiprocessor Hardware | |
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| Multiprocessor Operating System Types | |
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| Multiprocessor Synchronization | |
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| Multiprocessor Scheduling | |
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| |
| |
| Multicomputers | |
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| Multicomputer Hardware | |
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| |
| Low-Level Communication Software | |
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| User-Level Communication Software | |
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| |
| |
| Remote Procedure Call | |
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| |
| |
| Distributed Shared Memory | |
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| Multicomputer Scheduling | |
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| Load Balancing | |
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| |
| |
| Virtualization | |
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| |
| |
| Requirements for Virtualization | |
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| |
| |
| Type 1 Hypervisors | |
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| |
| Type 2 Hypervisors | |
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| |
| |
| Paravirtualization | |
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| |
| |
| Memory Virtualization | |
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| |
| |
| I/O Virtualization | |
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| |
| |
| Virtual Appliances | |
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| |
| |
| Virtual Machines on Multicore CPUs | |
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| |
| |
| Licensing Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distributed Systems | |
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| |
| |
| Network Hardware | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Services and Protocols | |
| |
| |
| |
| Document-Based Middleware | |
| |
| |
| |
| File System-Based Middleware | |
| |
| |
| |
| Object-Based Middleware | |
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| |
| |
| Coordination-Based Middleware | |
| |
| |
| |
| Research on Multiple Processor Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Security | |
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| |
| |
| The Security Environment | |
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| |
| |
| Threats | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intruders | |
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| |
| |
| Accidental Data Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basics of Cryptography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Secret-Key Cryptography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Public-Key Cryptography | |
| |
| |
| |
| One-Way Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Signatures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trusted Platform Module | |
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| |
| |
| Protection Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protection Domains | |
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| |
| |
| Access Control Lists | |
| |
| |
| |
| Capabilities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trusted systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trusted Computing Base | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formal Models of Secure Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel Security | |
| |
| |
| |
| Covert Channels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authentication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authentication Using Passwords | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authentication Using a Physical Object | |
| |
| |
| |
| Authentication Using Biometrics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Insider Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logic Bombs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trap Doors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Login Spoofing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploiting Code Bugs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buffer Overflow Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Format String Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Return to libc Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integer Overflow Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Code Injection Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Privilege Escalation Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Malware | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trojan Horses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viruses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Worms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spyware | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rootkits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Firewalls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antivirus and Anti-Antivirus Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Code Signing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jailing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Model-Based Intrusion Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Encapsulating Mobile Code | |
| |
| |
| |
| Java Security | |
| |
| |
| |
| Research on Security | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case Study 1: Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| History of Unix and Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| UNICS | |
| |
| |
| |
| PDP-11 UNIX | |
| |
| |
| |
| Portable UNIX | |
| |
| |
| |
| Berkeley UNIX | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard UNIX | |
| |
| |
| |
| MINIX | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linux Goals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interfaces to Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Shell | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linux Utility Programs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kernel Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Processes in Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process Management System Calls in Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementation of Processes and Threads in Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scheduling in Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Booting Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Memory Management in Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Memory Management System Calls in Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementation of Memory Management in Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Paging in Linux | |
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| Input/Output in Linux | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Networking | |
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| Input/Output System Calls in Linux | |
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| Implementation of Input/Output in Linux | |
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| Modules in Linux | |
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| The Linux File System | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| File System Calls in Linux | |
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| Implementation of the Linux File System | |
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| NFS: The Network File System | |
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| Security in Linux | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Security System Calls in Linux | |
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| Implementation of Security in Linux | |
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| Summary | |
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| Case study 2: Windows Vista | |
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| History of Windows Vista | |
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| 1980s: MS-DOS | |
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| 1990s: MS-DOS-based Windows | |
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| 2000s: NT-based Windows | |
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| Windows Vista | |
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| Programming Windows Vista | |
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| The Native NT Application Programming Interface | |
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| The Win32 Application Programming Interface | |
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| The Windows Registry | |
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| System Structure | |
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| Operating System Structure | |
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| Booting Windows Vista | |
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| Implementation of the Object Manager | |
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| Subsystems, DLLs, and User-mode Services | |
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| Processes and Threads in Windows Vista | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Job, Process, Thread and Fiber Management API Calls | |
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| Implementation of Processes and Threads | |
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| Memory Management | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Memory Management System Calls | |
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| Implementation of Memory Management | |
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| Caching in Windows Vista | |
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| Input/Output in Windows Vista | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Input/Output API Calls | |
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| Implementation of I/O | |
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| The Windows NT File System | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Implementation of the NT File System | |
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| Security in Windows Vista | |
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| Fundamental Concepts | |
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| Security API Calls | |
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| Implementation of Security | |
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| Summary | |
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| Case Study 3: Symbian OS | |
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| The History of Symbian OS | |
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| Symbian OS Roots: Psion and EPOC | |
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| Symbian OS Version 6 | |
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| Symbian OS Version 7 | |
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| Symbian OS Today | |
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| An Overview of Symbian OS | |
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| Object Orientation | |
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| Microkernel Design | |
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| The Symbian OS Nanokernel | |
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| Client/Server Resource Access | |
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| Features of a Larger Operating System | |
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| Communication and Multimedia | |
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| Processes and Threads in Symbian OS | |
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| Threads and Nanothreads | |
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| Processes | |
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| Active Objects | |
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| Interprocess Communication | |
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| Memory Management | |
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| Systems with No Virtual Memory | |
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| How Symbian OS Addresses Memory | |
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| Input and Output | |
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| Device Drivers | |
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| Kernel Extensions | |
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| Direct Memory Access | |
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| |
| Special Case: Storage Media | |
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| Blocking I/O | |
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| Removable Media | |
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| Storage Systems | |
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| |
| File systems for Mobile Devices | |
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| |
| Symbian OS File systems | |
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| |
| File system Security and Protection | |
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| |
| Security in Symbian OS | |
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| Communication in Symbian OS | |
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| Basic Infrastructure | |
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| |
| A Closer Look at the Infrastructure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Operating Systems Design | |
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| |
| |
| The Nature of the Design Problem | |
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| Goals | |
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| |
| Why is it Hard to Design an Operating System? | |
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| Interface Design | |
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| Guiding Principles | |
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| Paradigms | |
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| |
| The System Call Interface | |
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| |
| Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Structure | |
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| |
| |
| Mechanism versus Policy | |
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| |
| Orthogonality | |
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| |
| |
| Naming | |
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| |
| Binding Time | |
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| |
| Static versus Dynamic Structures | |
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| |
| |
| Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Implementation | |
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| |
| |
| Useful Techniques | |
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| |
| |
| Performance | |
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| |
| |
| Why Are Operating Systems Slow? | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Should Be Optimized? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space-Time Trade-offs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Caching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploiting Locality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimize the Common Case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Project Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Mythical Man Month | |
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| |
| |
| Team Structure | |
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| |
| |
| The Role of Experience | |
| |
| |
| |
| No Silver Bullet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trends in Operating System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virtualization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicore Chips | |
| |
| |
| |
| Large Address Space Operating Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Networking | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parallel and Distributed Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multimedia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Battery-Powered Computers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Embedded Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensor Nodes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading List and Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Suggestions For Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction and General Works | |
| |
| |
| |
| Processes and Threads | |
| |
| |
| |
| Memory Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Input/Output | |
| |
| |
| |
| File Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| eadlocks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multimedia Operating Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple Processor Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| ecurity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linux | |
| |
| |
| |
| Windows Vista | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Symbian OS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alphabetical Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |