| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| List of Symbols | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital and Analog Sources and Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deterministic and Random Waveforms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organization of the Book | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB | |
| |
| |
| |
| Block Diagram of a Communication System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Allocations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Information Measure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coding | |
| |
| |
| Block Codes, | |
| |
| |
| Convolutional Codes, | |
| |
| |
| Code Interleaving, | |
| |
| |
| Code Performance, | |
| |
| |
| Trellis-Coded Modulation, | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Study-Aid Examples | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signals And Spectra | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of Signals and Noise | |
| |
| |
| Physically Realizable Waveforms | |
| |
| |
| Time Average Operator | |
| |
| |
| DC Value | |
| |
| |
| Power | |
| |
| |
| RMS Value and Normalized Power | |
| |
| |
| Energy and Power Waveforms | |
| |
| |
| Decibel | |
| |
| |
| Phasors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourier Transform and Spectra | |
| |
| |
| Definition | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Fourier Transforms | |
| |
| |
| Parseval's Theorem and Energy Spectral Density | |
| |
| |
| Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function | |
| |
| |
| Rectangular and Triangular Pulses | |
| |
| |
| Convolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function | |
| |
| |
| Power Spectral Density | |
| |
| |
| Autocorrelation Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise | |
| |
| |
| Orthogonal Functions | |
| |
| |
| Orthogonal Series | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourier Series | |
| |
| |
| Complex Fourier Series | |
| |
| |
| Quadrature Fourier Series | |
| |
| |
| Polar Fourier Series | |
| |
| |
| Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms | |
| |
| |
| Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Review of Linear Systems | |
| |
| |
| Linear Time-Invariant Systems | |
| |
| |
| Impulse Response | |
| |
| |
| Transfer Function | |
| |
| |
| Distortionless Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Distortion of Audio, Video, and Data Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandlimited Signals and Noise | |
| |
| |
| Bandlimited Waveforms | |
| |
| |
| Sampling Theorem | |
| |
| |
| Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) | |
| |
| |
| Dimensionality Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discrete Fourier Transform | |
| |
| |
| Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform | |
| |
| |
| Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series0 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandwidth of Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Study-Aid Examples | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Baseband Pulse And Digital Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse Amplitude Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Natural Sampling (Gating) | |
| |
| |
| Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse Code Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding | |
| |
| |
| Practical PCM Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Bandwidth of PCM Signals | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Noise | |
| |
| |
| Nonuniform Quantizing: _ -Law and A-Law Companding | |
| |
| |
| V.90 56-kb/s PCM Computer Modem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Vector Representation | |
| |
| |
| Bandwidth Estimation | |
| |
| |
| Binary Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Multilevel Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Line Codes and Spectra | |
| |
| |
| Binary Line Coding | |
| |
| |
| Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes | |
| |
| |
| Differential Coding | |
| |
| |
| Eye Patterns | |
| |
| |
| Regenerative Repeaters | |
| |
| |
| Bit Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals | |
| |
| |
| Spectral Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intersymbol Interference | |
| |
| |
| Nyquist's First Method (Zero ISI) | |
| |
| |
| Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering | |
| |
| |
| Nyquist's Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI | |
| |
| |
| |
| Differential Pulse Code Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Delta Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise | |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope | |
| |
| |
| Delta Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Speech Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time-Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| Frame Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines | |
| |
| |
| TDM Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| The T1 PCM System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Packet Transmission System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Study-Aid Examples | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandpass Signaling Principles And Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms | |
| |
| |
| Definitions: Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Complex Envelope Representation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representation of Modulated Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spectrum of Bandpass Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion | |
| |
| |
| Equivalent Low-Pass Filter | |
| |
| |
| Linear Distortion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandpass Sampling Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Received Signal Plus Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Filters and Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| Filters | |
| |
| |
| Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Distortion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limiters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mixers, Up Converters, and Down Converters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Multipliers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detector Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Envelope Detector | |
| |
| |
| Product Detector | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Modulation Detector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Direct Digital Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmitters and Receivers | |
| |
| |
| Generalized Transmitters | |
| |
| |
| Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver | |
| |
| |
| Zero-IF Receivers | |
| |
| |
| Interference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Radios | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Study-Aid Examples | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Am, Fm, And Digital Modulated Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amplitude Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| AM Broadcast Technical Standards | |
| |
| |
| Digital AM Braodcasting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Costas Loop and Squaring Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asymmetric Sideband Signals | |
| |
| |
| Single Sideband | |
| |
| |
| Vestigial Sideband | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Representation of PM and FM Signals | |
| |
| |
| Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals | |
| |
| |
| Narrowband Angle Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Wideband Frequency Modulation | |
| |
| |
| Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo | |
| |
| |
| |
| FM Broadcast Technical Standards | |
| |
| |
| Digital FM Braodcasting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling | |
| |
| |
| On-Off Keying (OOK) | |
| |
| |
| Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) | |
| |
| |
| Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) | |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK) | |
| |
| |
| Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) | |
| |
| |
| OQPSK and _/4 QPSK | |
| |
| |
| PSD for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and _/4 QPSK | |
| |
| |
| Spectral Efficiency for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and _/4 QPSK | |
| |
| |
| with Raised Cosine Filtering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK) and GMSK | |
| |
| |
| |
| Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spread Spectrum Systems | |
| |
| |
| Direct Sequence | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Hopping | |
| |
| |
| SS Frequency Bands | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Study-Aid Examples | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Random Processes And Spectral Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Basic Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Random Processes | |
| |
| |
| Stationarity and Ergodicity | |
| |
| |
| Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity | |
| |
| |
| Complex Random Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power Spectral Density | |
| |
| |
| Definition | |
| |
| |
| Wiener-Khintchine Theorem | |
| |
| |
| Properties of the PSD | |
| |
| |
| General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals | |
| |
| |
| White-Noise Processes | |
| |
| |
| Measurement of PSD | |
| |
| |
| |
| DC and RMS Values for Ergodic Random Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Systems | |
| |
| |
| Input-Output Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandwidth Measures | |
| |
| |
| Equivalent Bandwidth | |
| |
| |
| RMS Bandwidth | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Gaussian Random Process | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Gaussian Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandpass Processes | |
| |
| |
| Bandpass Representations | |
| |
| |
| Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes | |
| |
| |
| Proofs of Some Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Matched Filters | |
| |
| |
| General Results | |
| |
| |
| Results for White Noise | |
| |
| |
| Correlation Processing | |
| |
| |
| Transversal Matched Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appendix: Proof of Schwarz's Inequality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Study-Aid Examples ���� | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Of Communication Systems Corrupted By Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling | |
| |
| |
| General Results | |
| |
| |
| Results for Gaussian Noise | |
| |
| |
| Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception | |
| |
| |
| Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance of Baseband Binary Systems | |
| |
| |
| Unipolar Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Polar Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Bipolar Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals | |
| |
| |
| On-Off Keying | |
| |
| |
| Binary-Phase-Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals | |
| |
| |
| On-Off Keying | |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| Differential Phase-Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems | |
| |
| |
| Bit-Error Rate and Bandwidth | |
| |
| |
| Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems | |
| |
| |
| Comparison with Baseband Systems | |
| |
| |
| AM Systems with Product Detection | |
| |
| |
| AM Systems with Envelope Detection | |
| |
| |
| DSB-SC Systems | |
| |
| |
| SSB Systems | |