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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition of a Distributed System | |
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| Goals | |
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| Making Resources Accessible | |
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| Distribution Transparency | |
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| Openness | |
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| Scalability | |
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| Pitfalls | |
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| Types of Distributed Systems | |
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| Distributed Computing Systems | |
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| Distributed Information Systems | |
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| Distributed Pervasive Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Architectures | |
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| Architectural Styles | |
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| System Architectures | |
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| Centralized Architectures | |
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| Decentralized Architectures | |
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| Hybrid Architectures | |
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| Architectures Versus Middleware | |
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| Interceptors | |
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| General Approaches to Adaptive Software | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Self-Management in Distributed Systems | |
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| The Feedback Control Model | |
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| Example: Systems Monitoring with Astrolabe | |
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| Example: Differentiating Replication Strategies in Globule | |
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| Example: Automatic Component Repair Management in Jade | |
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| Summary | |
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| Processes | |
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| Threads | |
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| Introduction to Threads | |
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| Threads in Distributed Systems | |
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| Virtualization | |
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| The Role of Virtualization in Distributed Systems | |
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| Architectures of Virtual Machines | |
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| Clients | |
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| Networked User Interfaces | |
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| Client-Side Software for Distribution Transparency | |
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| Servers | |
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| General Design Issues | |
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| Server Clusters | |
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| Managing Server Clusters | |
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| Code Migration | |
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| Approaches to Code Migration | |
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| Migration and Local Resources | |
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| Migration in Heterogeneous Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Communication | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Layered Protocols | |
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| Types of Communication | |
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| Remote Procedure Call | |
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| Basic RPC Operation | |
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| Parameter Passing | |
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| Asynchronous RPC | |
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| Example: DCE RPC | |
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| Message-Oriented Communication | |
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| Message-Oriented Transient Communication | |
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| Message-Oriented Persistent Communication | |
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| Example: IBM's WebSphere Message-Queuing System | |
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| Stream-Oriented Communication | |
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| Support for Continuous Media | |
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| Streams and Quality of Service | |
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| Stream Synchronization | |
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| Multicast Communication | |
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| Application-Level Multicasting | |
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| Gossip-Based Data Dissemination | |
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| Summary | |
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| Naming | |
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| Names, Identifiers, and Addresses | |
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| Flat Naming | |
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| Simple Solutions | |
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| Home-Based Approaches | |
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| Distributed Hash Tables | |
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| Hierarchical Approaches | |
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| Structured Naming | |
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| Name Spaces | |
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| Name Resolution | |
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| The Implementation of a Name Space | |
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| Example: The Domain Name System | |
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| Attribute-Based Naming | |
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| Directory Services | |
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| Hierarchical Implementations: LDAP | |
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| Decentralized Implementations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Synchronization | |
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| Clock Synchronization | |
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| Physical Clocks | |
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| Global Positioning System | |
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| Clock Synchronization Algorithms | |
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| Logical Clocks | |
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| Lamport's Logical Clocks | |
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| Vector Clocks | |
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| Mutual Exclusion | |
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| Overview | |
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| A Centralized Algorithm | |
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| A Decentralized Algorithm | |
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| A Distributed Algorithm | |
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| A Token Ring Algorithm | |
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| A Comparison of the Four Algorithms | |
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| Global Positioning of Nodes | |
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| Election Algorithms | |
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| Traditional Election Algorithms | |
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| Elections in Wireless Environments | |
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| Elections in Large-Scale Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Consistency and Replication | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reasons for Replication | |
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| Replication as Scaling Technique | |
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| Data-Centric Consistency Models | |
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| Continuous Consistency | |
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| Consistent Ordering of Operations | |
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| Client-Centric Consistency Models | |
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| Eventual Consistency | |
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| Monotonic Reads | |
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| Monotonic Writes | |
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| Read Your Writes | |
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| Writes Follow Reads | |
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| Replica Management | |
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| Replica-Server Placement | |
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| Content Replication and Placement | |
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| Content Distribution | |
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| Consistency Protocols | |
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| Continuous Consistency | |
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| Primary-Based Protocols | |
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| Replicated-Write Protocols | |
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| Cache-Coherence Protocols | |
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| Implementing Client-Centric Consistency | |
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| Summary | |
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| Fault Tolerance | |
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| Introduction to Fault Tolerance | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Failure Models | |
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| Failure Masking by Redundancy | |
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| Process Resilience | |
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| Design Issues | |
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| Failure Masking and Replication | |
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| Agreement in Faulty Systems | |
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| Failure Detection | |
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| Reliable Client-Server Communication | |
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| Point-to-Point Communication | |
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| RPC Semantics in the Presence of Failures | |
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| Reliable Group Communication | |
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| Basic Reliable-Multicasting Schemes | |
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| Scalability in Reliable Multicasting | |
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| Atomic Multicast | |
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| Distributed Commit | |
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| Two-Phase Commit | |
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| Three-Phase Commit | |
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| Recovery | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Checkpointing | |
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| Message Logging | |
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| Recovery-Oriented Computing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Security | |
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| Introduction to Security | |
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| Security Threats, Policies, and Mechanisms | |
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| Design Issues | |
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| Cryptography | |
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| Secure Channels | |
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| Authentication | |
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| Message Integrity and Confidentiality | |
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| Secure Group Communication | |
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| Example: Kerberos | |
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| Access Control | |
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| General Issues in Access Control | |
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| Firewalls | |
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| Secure Mobile Code | |
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| Denial of Service | |
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| Security Management | |
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| Key Management | |
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| Secure Group Management | |
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| Authorization Management | |
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| Summary | |
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| Distributed Object-Based Systems | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Distributed Objects | |
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| Example: Enterprise Java Beans | |
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| Example: Globe Distributed Shared Objects | |
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| Processes | |
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| Object Servers | |
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| Example: The Ice Runtime System | |
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| Communication | |
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| Binding a Client to an Object | |
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| Static versus Dynamic Remote Method Invocations | |
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| Parameter Passing | |
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| Example: Java RMI | |
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| Object-Based Messaging | |
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| Naming | |
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| Corba Object References | |
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| Globe Object References | |
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| Synchronization | |
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| Consistency and Replication | |
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| Entry Consistency | |
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| Replicated Invocations | |
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| Fault Tolerance | |
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| Example: Fault-Tolerant Corba | |
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| Example: Fault-Tolerant Java | |
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| Security | |
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| Example: Globe | |
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| Security for Remote Objects | |
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| Summary | |
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| Distributed File Systems | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Client-Server Architectures | |
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| Cluster-Based Distributed File Systems | |
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| Symmetric Architectures | |
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| Processes | |
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| Communication | |
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| RPCs in NFS | |
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| The RPC2 Subsystem | |
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| File-Oriented Communication in Plan 9 | |
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| Naming | |
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| Naming in NFS | |
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| Constructing a Global Name Space | |
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| Synchronization | |
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| Semantics of File Sharing | |
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| File Locking | |
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| Sharing Files in Coda | |
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| Consistency and Replication | |
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| Client-Side Caching | |
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| Server-Side Replication | |
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| Replication in Peer-to-Peer File Systems | |
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| File Replication in Grid Systems | |
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| Fault Tolerance | |
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| Handling Byzantine Failures | |
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| High Availability in Peer-to-Peer Systems | |
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| Security | |
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| Security in NFS | |
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| Decentralized Authentication | |
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| Secure Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Distributed Web-Based Systems | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Traditional Web-Based Systems | |
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| Web Services | |
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| Processes | |
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| Clients | |
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| The Apache Web Server | |
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| Web Server Clusters | |
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| Communication | |
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| Hypertext Transfer Protocol | |
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| Simple Object Access Protocol | |
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| Naming | |
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| Synchronization | |
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| Consistency and Replication | |
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| Web Proxy Caching | |
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| Replication for Web Hosting Systems | |
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| Replication of Web Applications | |
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| Fault Tolerance | |
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| Security | |
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| Summary | |
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| Distributed Coordination-Based Systems | |
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| Introduction to Coordination Models | |
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| Architectures | |
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| Overall Approach | |
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| Traditional Architectures | |
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| Peer-to-Peer Architectures | |
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| Mobility and Coordination | |
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| Processes | |
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| Communication | |
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| Content-Based Routing | |
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| Supporting Composite Subscriptions | |
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| Naming | |
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| Describing Composite Events | |
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| Matching Events and Subscriptions | |
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| Synchronization | |
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| Consistency and Replication | |
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| Static Approaches | |
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| Dynamic Replication | |
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| Fault Tolerance | |
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| Reliable Publish-Subscribe Communication | |
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| Fault Tolerance in Shared Dataspaces | |
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| Security | |
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| Confidentiality | |
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| Secure Shared Dataspaces | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading and Bibliography | |
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| Suggestions for Further Reading | |
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| Introduction and General Works | |
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| Architectures | |
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| Processes | |
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| Communication | |
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| Naming | |
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| Synchronization | |
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| Consistency and Replication | |
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| Fault Tolerance | |
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| Security | |
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| Distributed Object-Based Systems | |
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| Distributed File Systems | |
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| Distributed Web-Based Systems | |
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| Distributed Coordination-Based Systems | |
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| Alphabetical Bibliography | |
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| Index | |