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| Preface | |
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| Forensic Casework from Start to Finish | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Science Applied to the Law | |
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| Casework Decisions and the Analytical Plan | |
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| Relevant, Significant, and Specific | |
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| Responsibility, Accountability, and Control | |
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| Doing the Right Thing and Doing It Right: Impact-Based Decisions | |
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| Preliminary Case Assessment | |
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| What We Know and What We Don't Know | |
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| Framing the Case Questions: Who, What, When, Where, and How | |
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| Hierarchy of Hypothesis-Forming Propositions: Origin, Activity and Offense | |
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| Developing and Assessing Case Hypotheses | |
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| Multiple Hypotheses at the Outset | |
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| Devising an Analytical Plan | |
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| Stage of the Case or the Project | |
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| Tools for Deciding Where to Begin: Priorities and Impact | |
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| Modifying the Analytical Plan during the Testing Process | |
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| Defensible Criteria for Sampling Decisions | |
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| Criteria for Sampling | |
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| Types of Samples | |
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| Interpreting The Results: Defensible Work, Records, Conclusions, and Testimony | |
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| Deciding When You Are Done | |
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| Levels of Information: Incorporating New Information into an Interpretation of Results | |
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| Formal Mutually Exclusive Hypotheses | |
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| Evaluating Associative Evidence | |
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| The Asymmetry of Positive and Negative Results | |
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| Failure to Exclude versus No Information; Weak Exclusion versus No Information | |
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| Communications: Making Your Work Understandable and Defensible | |
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| Resolving Technical Disagreements | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| A Guide to The Analysis of Forensic Dust Specimens | |
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| Occurrence, Collection, and Preservation of Dust Specimens | |
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| Initial Examination | |
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| Characterization and Identification Procedures | |
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| Human Hair | |
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| Animal Hair | |
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| Synthetic Fibers | |
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| Minerals, Glass, and Related Materials | |
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| Miscellaneous Substances | |
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| Dust Comparison | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Forensic Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy | |
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| Theory | |
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| The Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Vibration of Diatomic Molecules | |
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| Vibration Transitions of Diatomic Molecules | |
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| Vibration of Polyatomic Molecules | |
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| Factors Affecting Infrared Spectra | |
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| Specificity and Limitations of Infrared Spectroscopy | |
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| Vapor Spectra of Small Molecules | |
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| Organic Compounds | |
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| Inorganic Compounds | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| The Michelson Interferometer | |
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| Detectors | |
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| Analysis Techniques and Accessories | |
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| Diamond Anvil Cell | |
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| Infrared Microscope | |
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| Attenuated Total Reflectance | |
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| Diffuse Reflectance (DRIFTS) | |
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| Vapor Cells | |
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| Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared (GC/FT-IR) Spectroscopy | |
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| Gas Chromatography/Cryogenic Trapping Infrared Analysis | |
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| Photoacoustic Spectroscopy | |
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| Spectral Data Evaluation and Interpretation | |
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| Atmospheric Absorptions | |
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| Sample Effects | |
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| Sample Preparation Effects | |
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| Nonlinear Scale Effects | |
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| Low-Frequency Absorptions | |
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| Absorptions of Organic and Inorganic Compounds: A Comparison | |
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| Absorptions of Talc, Kaolin, and Calcium Carbonate | |
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| Infrared Analysis of Evidence | |
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| Controlled Substances | |
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| Toxicology | |
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| Paint | |
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| Fibers | |
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| Explosives | |
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| Synthetic Polymers | |
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| Document Examinations | |
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| Miscellaneous Evidence | |
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| Contaminants | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Infrared Microscopy and Its Forensic Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Optical Design | |
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| Components | |
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| Features | |
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| Spectral Measurement Methods and Sample Preparation | |
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| Transmission | |
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| External Reflection | |
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| Reflection-Absorption | |
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| Specular Reflection | |
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| Diffuse Reflection | |
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| Diffuse Transmittance | |
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| Internal Reflection | |
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| Applications | |
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| Synthetic Polymers | |
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| Fibers | |
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| Controlled Substances | |
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| Explosives | |
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| Art Forgeries | |
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| Inorganic Samples | |
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| Contaminants | |
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| Spectral Imaging | |
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| The Future | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Forensic Pharmacology | |
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| Basic Principles of Pharmacology | |
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| Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion | |
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| Drug Action and Pharmacodynamics | |
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| Heroin and Morphine | |
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| Cocaine | |
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| Marijuana (tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) | |
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| Other Factors That Must Be Considered in the Interpretation of Drug Blood Levels | |
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| Post-Mortem Redistribution and Sampling Site Issues | |
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| Sample Stability | |
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| Ethanol Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Distribution | |
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| Metabolism | |
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| Excretion (Burn-Off Rate) | |
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| Interpreting Serum Ethanol Concentrations and Post-Mortem Ethanol Concentrations | |
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| Widmark Calculations | |
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| Tolerance to Ethanol | |
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| The Ethical Duties of The Forensic Toxicologist | |
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| References | |
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| Drug Interactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Drug Interactions | |
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| Stages of Pharmacokinetics | |
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| Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions | |
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| Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions | |
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| Pharmacogenomics and Drug Interactions | |
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| Drug Interactions in Forensic Toxicology | |
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| Alcohol | |
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| Cannabinoids | |
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| Opioids | |
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| Herb-Drug Interactions | |
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| Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid Structure and Function-A Review | |
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| Chemical Composition | |
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| The Watson-Crick Model of DNA | |
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| Stability | |
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| Central Dogma | |
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| The Genetic Code | |
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| Methylation of Bases in DNA | |
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| Transcription and Translation | |
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| Introns | |
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| Chromosome Structure | |
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| DNA Synthesis in the Cell Cycle | |
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| DNA Polymerase | |
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| Okazaki Fragments | |
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| Repetitious DNA | |
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| Palindromic DNA | |
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| Mitochondrial DNA | |
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| Plasmids as Gene-Cloning Vectors | |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction | |
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| PCR Inhibition | |
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| PCR of Short Tandem Repeats | |
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| MiniSTRs | |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction Y-Chromosome STR Analysis | |
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| Low Copy Number DNA Analysis | |
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| Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms | |
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| Real-Time PCR | |
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| DNA Sequencing | |
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| Enzymatic Sequencing | |
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| Chemical Sequencing | |
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| References | |
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| The Forensic Application of Y-Chromosome Short-Tandem Repeats | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biology of the Y Chromosome | |
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| Y-Chromosome Markers | |
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| Forensic Usefulness of the Y-STR Analysis | |
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| Extending the Post-Coital Interval | |
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| Characterization of the Y-STR Loci | |
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| Single and Multi-Copy Loci | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Mutation Rates | |
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| Commonly Used Y-STR Loci | |
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| Commercial Y-STR Multiplex Systems | |
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| Statistical Interpretation of A Y-STR Match | |
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| Databases | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Novel Y-STR Markers | |
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| Y-Chromosome Markers and Bio-Geographic Ancestry | |
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| References | |
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| Forensic Aspects of Firearms Discharge Residue (FDR) Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Chemistry of Firearms Ammunition | |
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| Cartridge Cases | |
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| Projectiles | |
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| Primers | |
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| Propellants | |
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| The Mechanism of FDR Formation | |
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| Detection and Analysis of GSR (Primer Residues) | |
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| Color Tests | |
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| Bulk Analytical Methods | |
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| GSR Particle Analysis by SEM/EDX | |
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| Other Instructional Methods | |
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| Detection and Analysis of Gunpowder Residues | |
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| Estimation of Shooting Distance | |
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| Visual/Microscopic and Color Tests | |
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| Chemical Analysis for Associating Firearms and Ammunition with Gunshot Entries | |
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| Estimation of Time Since Discharge | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |