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| Preface | |
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| Illustrations | |
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| Maps | |
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| The Ancient Middle East | |
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| The Early Civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
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| Why Mesopotamia? | |
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| The Agricultural Revolution | |
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| The State and Urban Revolution | |
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| Early Mesopotamian History: The Sumerian Period (3100-2000 B.C.) | |
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| The Egyptian Alternative: The Old and Middle Kingdoms | |
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| An Age of Empires: The Middle East, 2000-1000 B.C. | |
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| A Time of Turmoil: New Peoples East and West | |
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| Mesopotamia in the Age of Hammurapi | |
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| The Hittite Empire | |
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| The Egyptian Empire | |
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| Egypt in Decline | |
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| The Middle East to the Persian Empire | |
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| The New Peoples of the Middle East | |
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| The Glory of Assyria and Babylon | |
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| The Persians | |
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| Religion and Culture in Israel | |
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| The Greek World | |
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| The Emergence of Greek Civilization | |
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| Geography and History | |
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| The Origins of Greek Culture | |
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| The Minoan and Mycenaean Ages | |
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| The Mycenaean Age | |
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| The Dark Ages | |
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| Out of the Darkness: The Archaic Age | |
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| The Example of Two Cities: Sparta and Athens | |
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| Polis Society | |
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| Culture and Society in the Archaic Age | |
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| The Wars of the Greeks | |
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| Persians and Greeks | |
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| The Military Situation after the Persian Wars | |
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| The Great War between Athens and Sparta | |
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| The Hegemony of Sparta and Thebes | |
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| Classical Athens | |
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| The Early Classical period (ca. 490-450 B.C.) | |
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| The Classical Age, Part I (450-430 B.C.) | |
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| The Later Classical Period (430-338 B.C.) | |
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| Athenian Society | |
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| Philip, Alexander, and the Hellenistic World | |
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| Backward Macedonia Challenges Greece | |
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| The Genius of Philip | |
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| The Orator and the King: Demosthenes and Philip | |
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| Alexander the Great | |
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| Campaigns in Central Asia (330-323 B.C.) | |
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| Alexander's Successors | |
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| The State and Society in the Hellenistic World | |
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| Hellenistic Society | |
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| Culture and Religion in the Hellenistic World | |
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| Greek High Culture Adapts to a New Environment | |
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| Becoming Greek: Education in the New World | |
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| The Hellenistic Age: Achievements and Limitations | |
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| The Roman World | |
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| Early Rome | |
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| The Western Mediterranean and Early Italy | |
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| The Latins and Early Rome | |
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| The Republic | |
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| The Social and Political Achievement of Early Rome: Consensus | |
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| The Building of an Empire | |
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| The Growth of Rome in Italy | |
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| The Punic Wars | |
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| Roman Territorial Expansion after the Hannibalic War | |
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| Society and the State in the Roman Republic | |
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| An Estimate of Roman Society | |
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| The Transformation of the Roman Republic | |
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| The Old Order Fades | |
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| The Gracchan Revolution: Social and Political Context | |
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| From the Gracchi to Augustus: The Roman Revolution | |
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| The Fall of the Roman Republic | |
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| The Roman World from Augustus to the Third-Century Crisis | |
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| The Reforms of Augustus | |
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| Rounding Out the Empire | |
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| The Severan Emperors | |
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| The Roman Peace | |
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| Challenge and Response | |
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| Society and the State in the Empire | |
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| The Government, the Army, and Society | |
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| The Empire from the Third-Century Crisis to Justinian | |
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| The Third-Century Crisis | |
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| Political Anarchy | |
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| Diocletian and Constantine | |
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| The Emperor and the Administration | |
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| The Army, the Empire, and the Barbarians | |
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| The Collapse of the Western Empire | |
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| The Rise of the Byzantine Empire | |
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| The Transformed Mediterranean | |
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| History Moves Northward and Eastward | |
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| The Transformation of the Classical Tradition | |
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| The Empire and the Church Come to Terms | |
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| The Christian Way of Life | |
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| Civilizing the Barbarians | |
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| Diverging Beliefs | |
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| Islam and the Transformation of the Mediterranean | |
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| Religious Legacies | |
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| Epilogue | |