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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Remote Sensing of the Environment | |
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| In Situ Data Collection | |
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| Remote Sensing Data Collection | |
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| Maximal/Minimal Definitions | |
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| Remote Sensing Advantages and Limitations | |
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| The Remote Sensing Process | |
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| Statement of the Problem | |
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| Identification of In Situ and Remote Sensing Data Requirements | |
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| Remote Sensing Data Collection | |
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| Remote Sensing Data Analysis | |
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| Information Presentation | |
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| Earth Observation Economics | |
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| Earth Resource Analysis Perspective | |
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| Book Organization | |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation Principles | |
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| Conduction, Convection, Radiation | |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation Models | |
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| Wave Model of Electromagnetic Energy | |
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| The Particle Model - Radiation from Atomic Structures | |
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| Atmospheric Energy-Matter Interaction | |
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| Refraction | |
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| Scattering | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Reflectance | |
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| Terrain Energy-Matter Interactions | |
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| Hemispherical Reflectance, Absorptance, and Transmittance | |
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| Radiant Flux Density | |
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| Atmospheric Energy-Matter Interactions Again | |
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| Energy-Matter Interactions at the Sensor | |
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| Target and Path Radiance | |
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| History of Aerial Photography and Aerial Platforms | |
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| History of Photography | |
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| Light and Color | |
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| The Camera Obscura | |
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| Invention of Light-sensitive Emulsions and Methods of Permanently Fixing the Image | |
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| Photography from Aerial Platforms | |
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| Ornithopters | |
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| Lighter-Than-Air Flight Using Balloons | |
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| Lighter-Than-Air Flight Using Kites | |
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| Heavier-Than-Air Flight Using Rockets | |
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| Heavier-Than-Air Flight Using Pigeons, Gliders, and Aircraft | |
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| Photo-reconnaissance in WW I and WW II | |
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| Aerial Photography in World War I | |
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| Aerial Photography in World War II | |
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| Cold War Photo-Reconnaissance | |
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| Genetrix Reconnaissance Balloons | |
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| U-2 Aircraft Reconnaissance Program | |
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| The SR-71 | |
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| Airborne Stealth Technology | |
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| Satellite Remote Sensing | |
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| Corona | |
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| Ongoing Satellite Sentinels | |
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| Unmanned Aerial Vehicles | |
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| Tactical and Endurance UAVs | |
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| UAV Payloads and Other Considerations | |
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| Commercial Remote Sensing Platforms | |
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| Aerial Photography - Vantage Point, Cameras, Filters, and Film | |
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| Vertical and Oblique Vantage Points | |
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| Vertical Aerial Photography | |
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| Oblique Aerial Photography | |
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| Aerial Cameras | |
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| Aerial Camera Components Compared with the Eye | |
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| Types of Aerial Cameras | |
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| Aerial Photography Filtration | |
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| Types, Sizes, and Colors of Filters | |
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| Aerial Photography Films | |
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| General Characteristics of Photographic Emulsions | |
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| Black-and-White Photographic Emulsions | |
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| Color Photographic Emulsions | |
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| Planning Aerial Photography Missions | |
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| Time of Day-Sun Angle | |
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| Weather | |
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| Flightline Layout | |
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| Elements of Visual Image Interpretation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Aerial/Regional Perspective | |
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| Three-Dimensional Depth Perception | |
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| Obtaining Knowledge Beyond Our Human Visual Perception | |
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| Historical Image Record and Change Detection Documentation | |
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| Elements of Image Interpretation | |
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| Methods of Search | |
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| Using Collateral Information | |
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| Convergence of Evidence | |
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| The Multi-concept | |
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| Photogrammetry | |
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| Flightlines of Vertical Aerial Photography | |
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| Fiducial Marks and Principal Points | |
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| Geometry of Vertical Aerial Photography | |
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| Scale and Height Measurement on Single Vertical Aerial Photographs | |
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| Scale of a Vertical Aerial Photograph Over Level Terrain | |
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| Scale of a Vertical Aerial Photograph Over Variable Terrain | |
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| Height Measurement from Single Aerial Photographs | |
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| Stereoscopic Measurement of Object Height or Terrain Elevation | |
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| Fundamentals of Human Stereoscopy | |
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| Stereoscopy Applied to Aerial Photography | |
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| Stereoscopic Aerial Photography - How Does It Work? | |
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| Digital Elevation Models, Orthophotos, and Planimetric Features from Soft-copy Photogrammetry | |
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| Collection of Accurate Horizontal and Vertical Ground Control | |
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| Collection of Stereoscopic Aerial Photography or Other Remote Sensor Data | |
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| Image Digitization Technology | |
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| Soft-Copy Photogrammetry | |
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| Spot Elevations, Contours, and Digital Elevation Models | |
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| Creation of Digital Orthoimages | |
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| Extraction of Thematic Features of Interest | |
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| Area Measurement | |
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| Area Measurement of Well-known Geometric Shapes | |
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| Area Measurement of Irregularly Shaped Polygons | |
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| Multispectral Remote Sensing Systems | |
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| Digital Multispectral Data Collection | |
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| Digital Image Terminology | |
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| Remote Sensing Systems to be Examined | |
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| Multispectral Imaging Using Discrete Detectors and Scanning Mirrors | |
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| Earth Resource Technology Satellites and the Landsat Sensor Systems | |
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| NOAA Multispectral Scanner Sensors | |
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| ORBIMAGE and NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field of View Sensor (SeaWiFS) | |
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| Aircraft Multispectral Scanners | |
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| Multispectral Imaging Using Linear Arrays | |
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| SPOT Sensor Systems | |
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| Indian Remote Sensing Systems | |
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| Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) | |
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| Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) | |
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| Very-High-Resolution Linear Array Remote Sensing Systems | |
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| Imaging Spectrometry Using Linear and Area Arrays | |
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| Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) | |
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| Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager 1500 | |
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| Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) | |
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| Digital Frame Cameras Based on Area Arrays | |
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| Small-format Digital Data Collection: Leica Geosystems Emerge Sensor | |
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| Large-format Digital Data Collection: Z/1 Digital Modular Camera | |
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| Large-format Digital Data Collection: Vexcel UltraCam based on Area Arrays | |
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| Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing | |
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| History of Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing | |
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| Thermal Infrared Radiation Properties | |
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| Kinetic Heat, Temperature, Radiant Energy, and Radiant Flux | |
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| Methods of Transferring Heat | |
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| Thermal Infrared Atmospheric Windows | |
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| Thermal Radiation Laws | |
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| Stefan-Boltzmann Law | |
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| Wien's Displacement Law | |
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| Emissivity | |
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| Kirchoff's Radiation Law | |
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| Thermal Properties of Terrain | |
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| Thermal Infrared Data Collection | |
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| Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Based on Multispectral Scanners | |
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| Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Based on Area- and Linear-Arrays | |
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| Thermal Infrared Environmental Considerations | |
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| Diurnal Temperature Cycle of Typical Materials | |
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| Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Examples | |
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| Water Pollution Monitoring: Thermal Effluent in the Savannah River | |
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| Water Pollution Monitoring: Leaking Septic Tanks | |
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| Thermal Infrared Residential Insulation Surveys | |
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| Thermal Infrared Commercial/Industrial Roof Moisture Surveys | |
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| Analysis of the Urban Heat Island Effect | |
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| Use of Thermal Infrared Imagery for Forestry Applications | |
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| Remote Sensing Plant Stress Degree Days | |
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| Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing | |
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| History of Active Microwave (RADAR) Remote Sensing | |
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| Active Microwave System Components | |
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| Sending and Receiving a Pulse of Microwave Energy - System Components | |
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| Slant-Range versus Ground-Range RADAR Image Geometry | |
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| Relief Displacement, Image Foreshortening, Layover, Shadows, and Speckle | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems | |
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| RADAR Environmental Considerations | |
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| Surface Roughness Characteristics | |
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| Electrical Characteristics (Complex Dielectric Constant) and the Relationship with Moisture Content | |
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| Vegetation Response to Microwave Energy | |
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| Water Response to Microwave Energy | |
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| Urban Structure Response to Microwave Energy | |
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| SAR Remote Sensing from Space | |
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| Seasat | |
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| Shuttle Imaging Radar SIR-A, SIR-B, SIR-C and Topography Mission | |
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| RADARSAT and RADARSAT-2 | |
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| European Space Agency ERS-1 and ERS-2 | |
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| European Space Agency Envisat ASAR | |
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| RADAR Interferometry | |
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| Interferometric Topographic Mapping | |
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| Interferometric Velocity Mapping | |
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| Passive Microwave Remote Sensing | |
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| Passive Microwave Radiometers | |
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| LIDAR Remote Sensing | |
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| LIDAR Principles | |
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| LIDAR Laser and Scanning System | |
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| LIDAR Laser Location | |
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| LIDAR Antenna Attitude (Orientation) | |
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| LIDAR Post-Processing of Multiple Returns | |
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| Extraction of First, Intermediate and/or Last Return DSMs | |
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| Extraction of Bare-Earth Digital Terrain Models | |
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| Accuracy of LIDAR Measurements | |
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| NSSDA Horizontal and Vertical Accuracy Assessment | |
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| Influence of Landcover, Slope, and Leaf-on/off Condition | |
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| LIDAR-derived Vegetation Information | |
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| LIDAR-derived Urban Information | |
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| Remote Sensing of Vegetation | |
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| Photosynthesis Fundamentals | |
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| Spectral Characteristics of Vegetation | |
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| Dominant Factors Controlling Leaf Reflectance | |
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| Temporal Characteristics of Vegetation | |
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| Natural Phenological Cycles | |
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| Managed Phenological Cycles | |
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| Vegetation Indices | |
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| Landscape Ecology Metrics | |
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| Landscape Indicators and Patch Metrics | |
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| Biodiversity and GAP Analysis | |
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| Remote Sensing of Vegetation Change | |
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| Remote Sensing Inland Wetland Successional Changes | |
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| Remote Sensing South African Agriculture | |
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| Remote Sensing of Water | |
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| Remote Sensing Surface Water Biophysical Characteristics | |
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| Water Surface, Subsurface Volumetric, and Bottom Radiance | |
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| Spectral Response of Water as a Function of Wavelength | |
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| Spectral Response of Water as a Function of Organic/Inorganic Constituents | |
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| Water Penetration and Bathymetry | |
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| Water Surface Temperature | |
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| Precipitation | |
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| Visible-Infrared Techniques | |
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| Active and Passive Microwave Techniques | |
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| Aerosols and Clouds | |
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| Aerosols | |
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| Clouds | |
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| Water Vapor | |
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| Snow | |
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| Snow in the Visible Spectrum | |
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| Snow in the Middle-Infrared and Microwave Regions | |
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| Water Quality Modeling | |
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| An Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Water Quality Model | |
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| Remote Sensing the Urban Landscape | |
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| National Spatial Data Infrastructure | |
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| Urban Resolution Considerations | |
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| Urban/Suburban Temporal Resolution Considerations | |
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| Urban/Suburban Spectral Resolution Considerations | |
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| Urban/Suburban Spatial Resolution Considerations | |
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| Remote Sensing Land Use and Land Cover | |
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| Land-Use/Land-Cover Classification Schemes | |
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| Urban Land-Use/Land-Cover Classification (Levels I to IV) | |
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| Residential Land Use | |
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| Commercial and Services Land Use | |
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| Industrial Land Use | |
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| Transportation Infrastructure | |
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| Communications and Utilities | |
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| Urban Digital Elevation Model Creation | |
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| Meteorological Data | |
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| Urban Hydrology | |
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| Critical Environmental Area Assessment | |
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| Disaster Emergency Response | |
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| Remote Sensing of Soils, Minerals, and Geomorphology | |
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| Soil Characteristics and Taxonomy | |
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| Soil Horizons | |
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| Soil Grain Size and Texture | |
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| Soil Taxonomy | |
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| Remote Sensing of Soil Properties | |
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| Soil Texture and Moisture Content | |
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| Soil Organic Matter and Biological Soil Crusts | |
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| Iron Oxide | |
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| Soil Salinity | |
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| Surface Roughness | |
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| Remote Sensing of Rocks and Minerals | |
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| Imaging Spectroscopy of Rocks and Minerals | |
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| Geology | |
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| Lithology | |
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| Structure | |
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| Drainage Morphometry and Pattern | |
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| Geomorphology | |
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| Igneous Landforms | |
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| Landforms Developed on Horizontal Strata | |
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| Landforms Developed on Folded Strata | |
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| Fault-Controlled Landforms | |
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| Fluvial Landforms | |
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| Karst Landforms | |
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| Shoreline Landforms | |
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| Glacial Landforms | |
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| Eolian Landforms | |
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| In Situ Reflectance Measurement | |
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| Spectral Reflectance of a Material | |
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| Reference Material | |
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| Illumination Considerations | |
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| In Situ Spectral Reflectance Measurement Using Solar Illumination | |
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| In Situ Spectral Reflectance Measurement Using Artificial Illumination | |
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| Soil Taxonomy | |
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| Characteristics of the Spectroradiometer Used to Obtain In Situ Reflectance | |
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| Spectral Region of Interest | |
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| Spectral Resolution | |
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| Spectral Sampling Interval | |
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| Spectrometer Design and Data Collection Speed | |
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| Viewing Geometry and Field of View | |
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| Candidate Spectroradiometers | |
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| Sources of Remote Sensing Information | |
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| Index | |