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Applications and Connections | |
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Preface | |
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A Guide to Using This Text | |
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Matter and Life | |
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Chemistry: The Central Science | |
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States of Matter | |
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Classification of Matter | |
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An Example of a Chemical Reaction | |
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Application: Chemicals, Toxicity, and Risk | |
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Chemical Elements and Symbols | |
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Elements and the Periodic Table | |
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Application: Mercury and Mercury Poisoning | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Measurements in Chemistry | |
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Physical Quantities | |
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Measuring Mass | |
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Measuring Length and Volume | |
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Measurement and Significant Figures | |
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Application: Apothecary Units | |
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Scientific Notation | |
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Application: Powers of 10 | |
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Rounding Off Numbers | |
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Problem Solving: Converting a Quantity from One Unit to Another | |
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Problem Solving: Estimating Answers | |
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Measuring Temperature | |
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Application: Obesity-A Large Problem | |
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Units of Energy and Heat | |
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Density | |
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Application: Measuring Body Fat | |
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Specific Gravity | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Atoms and the Periodic Table | |
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Atomic Theory | |
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Elements and Atomic Number | |
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Isotopes and Atomic Weight | |
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The Periodic Table | |
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Application: Are Atoms Real? | |
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Some Characteristics of Different Groups | |
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Application: The Origin of Chemical Elements | |
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Electronic Structure of Atoms | |
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Electron Configurations | |
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Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table | |
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Application: Atoms and Light | |
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Connection: Art Conservator | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Ionic Compounds | |
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Ions | |
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Periodic Properties and Ion Formation | |
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Ionic Bonds | |
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Some Properties of Ionic Compounds | |
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Ions and the Octet Rule | |
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Application: Minerals and Gems | |
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Electron-Dot Symbols | |
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Ions of Some Common Elements | |
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Naming Ions | |
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Application: Salt | |
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Polyatomic Ions | |
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Application: Biologically Important Ions | |
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Formulas of Ionic Compounds | |
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Naming Ionic Compounds | |
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H[superscript +] and OH[superscript -] Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases | |
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Connection: Physical Therapist | |
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Application: Osteoporosis | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Molecular Compounds | |
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Covalent Bonds | |
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Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table | |
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Multiple Covalent Bonds | |
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Coordinate Covalent Bonds | |
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Application: Carbon Monoxide-A Surprising Molecule | |
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Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures | |
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Drawing Lewis Structures | |
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The Shapes of Molecules | |
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Application: VERY Big Molecules | |
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Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity | |
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Polar Molecules | |
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Naming Binary Molecular Compounds | |
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Application: Damascenone, by Any Other Name, Would Smell as Sweet | |
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Characteristics of Molecular Compounds | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Chemical Reactions: Classification and Mass Relationships | |
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Chemical Equations | |
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Balancing Chemical Equations | |
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Avogadro's Number and the Mole | |
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Gram-Mole Conversions | |
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Application: Did Ben Franklin Have Avogadro's Number? A Ballpark Calculation | |
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Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations | |
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Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations | |
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Percent Yield | |
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Classes of Chemical Reactions | |
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Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines | |
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Application: Gout and Kidney Stones: Problems in Solubility | |
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Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions | |
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Redox Reactions | |
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Applications: Batteries | |
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Recognizing Redox Reactions | |
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Application: Photography-A Series of Redox Reactions | |
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Net Ionic Equations | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium | |
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Energy and Chemical Bonds | |
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Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions | |
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Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions | |
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Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy | |
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Application: Energy from Food | |
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How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction Rates | |
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Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates | |
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Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium | |
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Application: Regulation of Body Temperature | |
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Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants | |
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Le Chatelier's Principle: The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria | |
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Application: Nitrogen Fixation | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Gases, Liquids, and Solids | |
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States of Matter and Their Changes | |
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Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory | |
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Pressure | |
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Boyle's Law: The Relation between Volume and Pressure | |
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Application: Blood Pressure | |
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Charles's Law: The Relation between Volume and Temperature | |
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Gay-Lussac's Law: The Relation between Pressure and Temperature | |
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The Combined Gas Law | |
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Avogadro's Law: The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount | |
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The Ideal Gas Law | |
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Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law | |
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Intermolecular Forces | |
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Application: Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming | |
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Liquids | |
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Water: A Unique Liquid | |
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Solids | |
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Changes of State | |
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Application: Biomaterials for Joint Replacement | |
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Application: CO[subscript 2] as an Environmentally Friendly Solvent | |
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Connection: Respiratory Therapist | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Solutions | |
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Mixtures and Solutions | |
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The Solution Process | |
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Solid Hydrates | |
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Solubility | |
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The Effect of Temperature on Solubility | |
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The Effect of Pressure on Solubility: Henry's Law | |
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Units of Concentration | |
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Application: Breathing and Oxygen Transport | |
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Dilution | |
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Ions in Solution: Electrolytes | |
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Electrolytes in Body Fluids: Equivalents and Milliequivalents | |
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Properties of Solutions | |
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Application: Electrolytes, Fluid Replacement, and Sports Drinks | |
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure | |
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Dialysis | |
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Application: Timed-Release Medications | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Acids and Bases | |
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Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution | |
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Some Common Acids and Bases | |
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The Bronsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases | |
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Water as Both an Acid and a Base | |
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Some Common Acid-Base Reactions | |
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Application: Ulcers and Antacids | |
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Acid and Base Strength | |
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Acid Dissociation Constants | |
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Dissociation of Water | |
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Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solution: pH | |
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Working with pH | |
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Laboratory Determination of Acidity | |
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Application: pH of Body Fluids | |
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Buffer Solutions | |
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Buffers in the Body | |
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Application: Buffers in the Body-Acidosis and Alkalosis | |
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Acid and Base Equivalents | |
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Titration | |
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Application: Acid Rain | |
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Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Nuclear Chemistry | |
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Nuclear Reactions | |
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The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity | |
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Stable and Unstable Isotopes | |
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Nuclear Decay | |
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Radioactive Half-Life | |
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Application: Medical Uses of Radioactivity | |
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Radioactive Decay Series | |
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Ionizing Radiation | |
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Detecting Radiation | |
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Application: Irradiated Food | |
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Measuring Radiation | |
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Artificial Transmutation | |
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Application: Body Imaging | |
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Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion | |
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Application: Archaeological Radiocarbon Dating | |
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Connection: Nuclear Medicine Technician | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes | |
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The Nature of Organic Molecules | |
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Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups | |
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The Structure of Organic Molecules: Alkanes and Their Isomers | |
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Drawing Organic Structures | |
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Application: Natural versus Synthetic | |
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The Shapes of Organic Molecules | |
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Naming Alkanes | |
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Application: Displaying Molecular Shapes | |
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Properties of Alkanes | |
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Reactions of Alkanes | |
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Cycloalkanes | |
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Application: Petroleum | |
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Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Summary of Reactions | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds | |
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Alkenes and Alkynes | |
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Naming Alkenes and Alkynes | |
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The Structure of Alkenes: Cis-Trans Isomerism | |
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Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes | |
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Types of Organic Reactions | |
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Application: The Chemistry of Vision | |
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Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes | |
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How Alkene Addition Reactions Occur | |
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Alkene Polymers | |
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Application: Polymer Applications-Currency | |
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Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene | |
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Application: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer | |
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Naming Aromatic Compounds | |
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Reactions of Aromatic Compounds | |
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Application: Why We See Color | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Summary of Reactions | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen | |
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Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers | |
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Some Common Alcohols | |
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Naming Alcohols | |
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Properties of Alcohols | |
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Reactions of Alcohols | |
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Application: Ethyl Alcohol as a Drug and a Poison | |
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Phenols | |
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Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols | |
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Application: Phenols as Antioxidants | |
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Ethers | |
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Thiols and Disulfides | |
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Application: Inhaled Anesthetics | |
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Halogen-Containing Compounds | |
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Application: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Hole | |
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Connection: Resource Conservationist | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Summary of Reactions | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Amines | |
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Amines | |
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Application: Chemical Information | |
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Properties of Amines | |
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Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds | |
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Application: NO-A Small Molecule with Big Responsibilities | |
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Basicity of Amines | |
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Application: Organic Compounds in Body Fluids and the "Solubility Switch" | |
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Amine Salts | |
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Amines in Plants: Alkaloids | |
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Application: Toxicology | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Summary of Reactions | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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The Carbonyl Group | |
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Naming Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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Application: Chemical Warfare among the Insects | |
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Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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Application: Vanilla: What Kind Is Best? | |
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Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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Oxidation of Aldehydes | |
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Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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Application: Is It Poisonous, or Isn't It? | |
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Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals | |
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Connection: Sensory Evaluation Manager | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Summary of Reactions | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives | |
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Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties and Names | |
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Some Common Carboxylic Acids | |
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Acidity of Carboxylic Acids | |
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Application: Acids for the Skin | |
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Application: Acid Salts as Food Additives | |
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Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide Formation | |
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Aspirin and Other Over-the-Counter Carboxylic Acid Derivatives | |
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Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides | |
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Polyamides and Polyesters | |
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Application: Kevlar - A Life-Saving Polymer | |
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Phosphoric Acid Derivatives | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Summary of Reactions | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Amino Acids and Proteins | |
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An Introduction to Biochemistry | |
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Protein Structure and Function: An Overview | |
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Amino Acids | |
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Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids | |
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Application: Nutrition in Health and Disease | |
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Handedness | |
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Molecular Handedness and Amino Acids | |
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Primary Protein Structure | |
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Application: Proteins in the Diet | |
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Shape-Determining Interactions in Proteins | |
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Application: Protein Analysis by Electrophoresis | |
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Secondary Protein Structure | |
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Tertiary Protein Structure | |
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Quaternary Protein Structure | |
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Application: Collagen-A Tale of Two Diseases | |
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Chemical Properties of Proteins | |
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Application: Prions-Proteins that Cause Disease | |
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Connection: Food Technologist | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Enzymes and Vitamins | |
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Catalysis by Enzymes | |
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Enzyme Cofactors | |
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Enzyme Classification | |
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Application: Lead Poisoning and an Antidote | |
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Application: Biocatalysis-Food and Chemicals | |
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How Enzymes Work | |
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Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Activity | |
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Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity | |
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Application: Extremozymes-Enzymes from the Edge | |
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Enzyme Regulation: Feedback and Allosteric Control | |
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Application: Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis | |
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Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition | |
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Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and Genetic Control | |
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Application: Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs | |
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Vitamins | |
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Application: Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Labels | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs | |
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Messenger Molecules | |
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Hormones and the Endocrine System | |
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Application: Homeostasis | |
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How Hormones Work: Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight | |
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Amino Acid Derivatives and Polypeptides as Hormones | |
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Steroid Hormones | |
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Application: Plant Hormones | |
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Neurotransmitters | |
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How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists | |
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Histamine and Antihistamines | |
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Application: And from This Little Frog ... | |
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Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine | |
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Neuropeptides and Pain Relief | |
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Drug Discovery and Drug Design | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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The Generation of Biochemical Energy | |
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Energy and Life | |
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Energy and Biochemical Reactions | |
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Application: Life without Sunlight | |
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Cells and Their Structure | |
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An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production | |
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Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy Transfer | |
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Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions | |
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Application: Basal Metabolism | |
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Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes | |
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The Citric Acid Cycle | |
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The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production | |
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Application: Energy Undone-Blockers and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
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Harmful Oxygen By-Products and Antioxidant Vitamins | |
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Application: Plants and Photosynthesis | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Carbohydrates | |
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An Introduction to Carbohydrates | |
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Handedness of Carbohydrates | |
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The D and L Families of Sugars: Drawing Sugar Molecules | |
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Application: Chirality Meets the Marketplace | |
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Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides | |
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Application: Carbohydrates in the Diet | |
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Some Important Monosaccharides | |
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Reactions of Monosaccharides | |
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Disaccharides | |
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Application: Cell Walls-Rigid Defense Systems | |
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Variations on the Carbohydrate Theme | |
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Some Important Polysaccharides | |
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Application: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Blood Type | |
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Application: Dietary Fiber | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Carbohydrate Metabolism | |
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Digestion of Carbohydrates | |
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Glucose Metabolism: An Overview | |
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Glycolysis | |
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Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis | |
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The Fate of Pyruvate | |
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Application: Tooth Decay | |
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Energy Output in Complete Catabolism of Glucose | |
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Application: Microbial Fermentations: Ancient and Modern | |
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Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Energy Production | |
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Metabolism in Fasting and Starvation | |
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Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus | |
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Application: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes | |
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Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis | |
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Application: The Biochemistry of Running | |
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Gluconeogenesis: Glucose from Noncarbohydrates | |
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Application: Polysaccharides-What Are They Good For? | |
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Connection: Dietitian | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Lipids | |
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Structure and Classification of Lipids | |
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Fatty Acids and Their Esters | |
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Application: Lipids in the Diet | |
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Properties of Fats and Oils | |
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Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | |
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Application: Detergents | |
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Cell Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids and Glycolipids | |
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Cell Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol | |
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Application: Butter and Its Substitutes | |
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Structure of Cell Membranes | |
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Application: Liposomes for Health and Beauty | |
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Transport Across Cell Membranes | |
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Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Lipid Metabolism | |
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Digestion of Triacylglycerols | |
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Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport | |
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Application: Lipids and Atherosclerosis | |
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Triacylglycerol Metabolism: An Overview | |
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Application: Fat Storage: A Good Thing or Not? | |
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Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols | |
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Oxidation of Fatty Acids | |
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Energy from Fatty Acid Oxidation | |
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Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis | |
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Application: The Liver, Clearinghouse for Metabolism | |
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Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis | |
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DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes | |
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Composition of Nucleic Acids | |
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The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains | |
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Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model | |
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Nucleic Acids and Heredity | |
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Application: Viruses and AIDS | |
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Replication of DNA | |
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Structure and Function of RNA | |
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Transcription: RNA Synthesis | |
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The Genetic Code | |
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Translation: Transfer RNA and Protein Synthesis | |
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Application: "Bird Flu": The Next Epidemic? | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Genomics | |
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Mapping the Human Genome | |
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A Trip Along a Chromosome | |
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Application: Whose Genome Is It? | |
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Mutations and Polymorphisms | |
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Recombinant DNA | |
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Application: Serendipity and the Polymerase Chain Reaction | |
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Application: DNA Fingerprinting | |
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Genomics: Using What We Know | |
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Connection: Forensic Scientist | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism | |
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Digestion of Protein | |
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Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview | |
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Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group | |
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The Urea Cycle | |
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Application: Pathways to Gout | |
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Amino Acid Catabolism: The Carbon Atoms | |
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Application: The Importance of Essential Amino Acids and Effects of Deficiencies | |
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Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Body Fluids | |
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Body Water and Its Solutes | |
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Fluid Balance | |
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Blood | |
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Plasma Proteins, White Bloods Cells, and Immunity | |
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Application: The Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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Blood Clotting | |
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Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases | |
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The Kidney and Urine Formation | |
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Urine Composition and Function | |
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Application: Automated Clinical Laboratory Analysis | |
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Connection: Veterinary Lab Technician | |
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Key Words | |
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Summary: Revisiting the Chapter Goals | |
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Understanding Key Concepts | |
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Additional Problems | |
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Appendices | |
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Glossary | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |
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Photo Credits | |
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Index | |