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| Preface | |
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| Macroscopic Fluid Mechanics | |
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| Introduction to Fluid Mechanics | |
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| Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering | |
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| General Concepts of a Fluid | |
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| Stresses, Pressure, Velocity, and the Basic Laws | |
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| Physical Properties-Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension | |
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| Units and Systems of Units | |
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| Units Conversion | |
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| Mass of Air in a Room | |
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| Hydrostatics | |
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| Pressure in an Oil Storage Tank | |
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| Multiple Fluid Hydrostatics | |
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| Pressure Variations in a Gas | |
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| Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface | |
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| Application of Archimedes' Law | |
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| Pressure Change Caused by Rotation | |
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| Overflow from a Spinning Container | |
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| Problems for Chapter 1 | |
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| Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances | |
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| General Conservation Laws | |
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| Mass Balances | |
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| Mass Balance for Tank Evacuation | |
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| Energy Balances | |
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| Pumping n-Pentane | |
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| Bernoulli's Equation | |
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| Applications of Bernoulli's Equation | |
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| Tank Filling | |
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| Momentum Balances | |
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| Impinging Jet of Water | |
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| Velocity of Wave on Water | |
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| Flow Measurement by a Rotameter | |
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| Pressure, Velocity, and Flow Rate Measurement | |
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| Problems for Chapter 2 | |
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| Fluid Friction in Pipes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Laminar Flow | |
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| Polymer Flow in a Pipeline | |
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| Models for Shear Stress | |
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| Piping and Pumping Problems | |
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| Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Flow Rate and Diameter | |
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| Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Diameter and Pressure Drop | |
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| Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Flow Rate and Pressure Drop | |
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| Unloading Oil from a Tanker Miscellaneous Additional Calculations | |
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| Flow in Noncircular Ducts | |
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| Flow in an Irrigation Ditch | |
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| Compressible Gas Flow in Pipelines | |
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| Compressible Flow in Nozzles | |
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| Complex Piping Systems | |
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| Solution of a Piping/Pumping Problem | |
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| Problems for Chapter 3 | |
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| Flow in Chemical Engineering Equipment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pumps and Compressors | |
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| Pumps in Series and Parallel | |
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| Drag Force on Solid Particles in Fluids | |
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| Manufacture of Lead Shot | |
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| Flow Through Packed Beds | |
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| Pressure Drop in a Packed-Bed Reactor | |
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| Filtration | |
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| Fluidization | |
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| Dynamics of a Bubble-Cap Distillation Column | |
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| Cyclone Separators | |
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| Sedimentation | |
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| Dimensional Analysis | |
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| Thickness of the Laminar Sublayer | |
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| Problems for Chapter 4 | |
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| Microscopic Fluid Mechanics | |
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| Differential Equations of Fluid Mechanics | |
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| Introduction to Vector Analysis | |
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| Vector Operations | |
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| The Gradient of a Scalar | |
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| The Divergence of a Vector | |
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| An Alternative to the Differential Element | |
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| The Curl of a Vector | |
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| The Laplacian of a Scalar | |
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| Other Coordinate Systems | |
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| The Convective Derivative | |
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| Differential Mass Balance | |
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| Physical Interpretation of the Net Rate of Mass Outflow | |
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| Alternative Derivation of the Continuity Equation | |
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| Differential Momentum Balances | |
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| Newtonian Stress Components in Cartesian Coordinates | |
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| Constant-Viscosity Momentum Balances in Terms of Velocity Gradients | |
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| Vector Form of Variable-Viscosity Momentum Balance | |
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| Problems for Chapter 5 | |
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| Solution of Viscous-Flow Problems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Solution of the Equations of Motion in Rectangular Coordinates | |
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| Flow Between Parallel Plates | |
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| Alternative Solution Using a Shell Balance | |
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| Shell Balance for Flow Between Parallel Plates | |
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| Film Flow on a Moving Substrate | |
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| Transient Viscous Diffusion of Momentum (COMSOL) | |
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| Poiseuille and Couette Flows in Polymer Processing | |
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| The Single-Screw Extruder | |
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| Flow Patterns in a Screw Extruder (COMSOL) | |
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| Solution of the Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates | |
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| Flow Through an Annular Die | |
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| Spinning a Polymeric Fiber | |
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| Solution of the Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates | |
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| Analysis of a Cone-and-Plate Rheometer | |
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| Problems for Chapter 6 | |
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| Laplace's Equation, Irrotational and Porous-Media Flows | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rotational and Irrotational Flows | |
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| Forced and Free Vortices | |
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| Steady Two-Dimensional Irrotational Flow | |
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| Physical Interpretation of the Stream Function | |
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| Examples of Planar Irrotational Flow | |
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| Stagnation Flow | |
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| Combination of a Uniform Stream and a Line Sink (C) | |
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| Flow Patterns in a Lake (COMSOL) | |
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| Axially Symmetric Irrotational Flow | |
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| Uniform Streams and Point Sources | |
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| Doublets and Flow Past a Sphere | |
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| Single-Phase Flow in a Porous Medium | |
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| Underground Flow of Water | |
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| Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media | |
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| Wave Motion in Deep Water | |
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| Problems for Chapter 7 | |
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| Boundary-Layer and Other Nearly Unidirectional Flows | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Simplified Treatment of Laminar Flow Past a Flat Plate | |
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| Flow in an Air Intake (C) | |
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| Simplification of the Equations of Motion | |
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| Blasius Solution for Boundary-Layer Flow | |
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| Turbulent Boundary Layers | |
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| Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers Compared | |
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| Dimensional Analysis of the Boundary-Layer Problem | |
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| Boundary-Layer Separation | |
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| Boundary-Layer Flow Between Parallel Plates (COMSOL Library) | |
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| Entrance Region for Laminar Flow Between Flat Plates | |
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| The Lubrication Approximation | |
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| Flow in a Lubricated Bearing (COMSOL) | |
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| Polymer Processing by Calendering | |
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| Pressure Distribution in a Calendered Sheet | |
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| Thin Films and Surface Tension | |
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| Problems for Chapter 8 | |
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| Turbulent Flow | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Numerical Illustration of a Reynolds Stress Term | |
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| Physical Interpretation of the Reynolds Stresses | |
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| Mixing-Length Theory | |
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| Determination of Eddy Kinematic Viscosity and Mixing Length | |
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| Velocity Profiles Based on Mixing-Length Theory | |
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| Investigation of the von Karman Hypothesis | |
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| The Universal Velocity Profile for Smooth Pipes | |
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| Friction Factor in Terms of Reynolds Number for Smooth Pipes | |
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| Expression for the Mean Velocity | |
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| Thickness of the Laminar Sublayer | |
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| Velocity Profiles and Friction Factor for Rough Pipe | |
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| Blasius-Type Law and the Power-Law Velocity Profile | |
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| A Correlation for the Reynolds Stresses | |
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| Computation of Turbulence by the [kappa]/[epsilon] Method | |
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| Flow Through an Orifice Plate (COMSOL) | |
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| Turbulent Jet Flow (COMSOL) | |
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| Analogies Between Momentum and Heat Transfer | |
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| Evaluation of the Momentum/Heat-Transfer Analogies | |
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| Turbulent Jets | |
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| Problems for Chapter 9 | |
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| Bubble Motion, Two-Phase Flow, and Fluidization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rise of Bubbles in Unconfined Liquids | |
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| Rise Velocity of Single Bubbles | |
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| Pressure Drop and Void Fraction in Horizontal Pipes | |
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| Two-Phase Flow in a Horizontal Pipe | |
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| Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipes | |
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| Limits of Bubble Flow | |
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| Performance of a Gas-Lift Pump | |
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| Two-Phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe | |
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| Flooding | |
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| Introduction to Fluidization | |
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| Bubble Mechanics | |
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| Bubbles in Aggregatively Fluidized Beds | |
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| Fluidized Bed with Reaction (C) | |
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| Problems for Chapter 10 | |
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| Non-Newtonian Fluids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids | |
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| Constitutive Equations for Inelastic Viscous Fluids | |
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| Pipe Flow of a Power-Law Fluid | |
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| Pipe Flow of a Bingham Plastic | |
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| Non-Newtonian Flow in a Die (COMSOL Library) | |
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| Constitutive Equations for Viscoelastic Fluids | |
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| Response to Oscillatory Shear | |
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| Characterization of the Rheological Properties of Fluids | |
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| Proof of the Rabinowitsch Equation | |
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| Working Equation for a Coaxial-Cylinder Rheometer: Newtonian Fluid | |
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| Problems for Chapter 11 | |
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| Microfluidics and Electrokinetic Flow Effects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physics of Microscale Fluid Mechanics | |
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| Pressure-Driven Flow Through Microscale Tubes | |
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| Calculation of Reynolds Numbers | |
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| Mixing, Transport, and Dispersion | |
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| Species, Energy, and Charge Transport | |
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| The Electrical Double Layer and Electrokinetic Phenomena | |
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| Relative Magnitudes of Electroosmotic and Pressure-Driven Flows | |
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| Electroosmotic Flow Around a Particle | |
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| Electroosmosis in a Microchannel (COMSOL) | |
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| Electroosmotic Switching in a Branched Microchannel (COMSOL) | |
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| Measuring the Zeta Potential | |
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| Magnitude of Typical Streaming Potentials | |
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| Electroviscosity | |
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| Particle and Macromolecule Motion in Microfluidic Channels | |
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| Gravitational and Magnetic Settling of Assay Beads | |
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| Problems for Chapter 12 | |
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| An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics and Flowlab | |
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| Introduction and Motivation | |
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| Numerical Methods | |
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| Learning CFD by Using FlowLab | |
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| Practical CFD Examples | |
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| Developing Flow in a Pipe Entrance Region (FlowLab) | |
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| Pipe Flow Through a Sudden Expansion (FlowLab) | |
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| A Two-Dimensional Mixing Junction (FlowLab) | |
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| Flow Over a Cylinder (FlowLab) | |
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| References for Chapter 13 | |
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| Comsol (Femlab) Multiphysics for Solving Fluid Mechanics Problems | |
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| Introduction to COMSOL | |
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| How to Run COMSOL | |
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| Flow in a Porous Medium with an Obstruction (COMSOL) | |
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| Draw Mode | |
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| Solution and Related Modes | |
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| Fluid Mechanics Problems Solvable by COMSOL | |
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| Problems for Chapter 14 | |
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| Useful Mathematical Relationships | |
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| Answers to the True/False Assertions | |
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| Some Vector and Tensor Operations | |
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| Index | |
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| The Authors | |