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| Preface | |
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| To the Student | |
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| Forming the Earth | |
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| A First Look at Planet Earth-Its Origins, Systems, and Tectonic Plates | |
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| What Is Geology? | |
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| The Earth as a System | |
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| Geologists-How They Do Their Work | |
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| The Earth in Space | |
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| Plate Tectonics-A First Look | |
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| In Support of Plate Tectonics-A Theory Develops | |
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| A Preview of Things to Come | |
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| Chapter 1 Summary | |
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| Minerals | |
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| What Is a Mineral? | |
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| A Mineral's Structure | |
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| Identifying Minerals | |
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| The Earth's Rock-Forming Minerals | |
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| Finding and Naming Minerals | |
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| Gemstones-The Earth's Most Valuable Minerals | |
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| Minerals as Clues to the Past | |
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| Chapter 2 Summary | |
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| Igneous Rocks and Processes | |
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| A Brief Introduction to Igneous Rocks and Processes | |
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| Melting Rocks and Crystallizing Magma | |
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| Intrusive Rock Formations | |
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| Plate Tectonics and Igneous Rock | |
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| Igneous Rocks of the Moon | |
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| The Economic Value of Igneous Rocks | |
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| Chapter 3 Summary | |
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| Volcanoes and Volcanism | |
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| Volcanoes and Life | |
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| The Nature and Origin of Volcanoes | |
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| The Products of Volcanism | |
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| Eruptive Styles and Associated Landforms | |
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| Plate Tectonics and Volcanism | |
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| Coping with Volcanic Hazards | |
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| Extraterrestrial Volcanism | |
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| Chapter 4 Summary | |
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| Weathering-The Breakdown of Rocks | |
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| Weathering Processes | |
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| Soils and Soil Formation | |
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| Weathering in Extraterrestrial Environments | |
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| Chapter 5 Summary | |
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| Sedimentary Processes, Environments, and Rocks | |
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| The Origins of Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| Classifying Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| "Reading" Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| Chapter 6 Summary | |
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| Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| What Is Metamorphism? | |
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| What Drives Metamorphism? | |
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| Types of Metamorphism | |
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| Common Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| Temperatures and Pressures of Metamorphism | |
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| Plate Tectonics and Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| Metamorphic Rocks in Daily Life | |
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| The Rock Cycle Revisited | |
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| Chapter 7 Summary | |
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| Telling Time Geologically | |
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| Geologic Time in Perspective | |
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| Determining Relative Age | |
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| Determining Numerical Age | |
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| The Geologic Time Scale | |
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| Chapter 8 Summary | |
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| Timeline of Earth History | |
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| Shaping the Earth's Crust | |
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| Earth Structures-Folds, Faults, and Fabrics | |
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| Stress and Strain | |
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| Folds | |
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| Faults | |
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| Seeing Structures | |
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| Chapter 9 Summary | |
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| Earthquakes | |
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| The Causes of Earthquakes | |
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| The Products of Earthquakes-Seismic Waves | |
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| Measuring Earthquakes-Which Scale to Use? | |
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| Locating an Earthquake's Epicenter | |
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| Earthquake Depth and Magnitude | |
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| The Effects of Earthquakes | |
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| The World's Principal Earthquake Zones | |
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| Coping with the Threat of Earthquakes | |
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| The Moon-A Distant Seismic Outpost | |
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| Chapter 10 Summary | |
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| The Earth's Interior-What's Going on Down There? | |
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| Investigating the Earth's Interior | |
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| Taking the Earth's Temperature | |
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| The Earth's Gravity | |
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| Magnetism | |
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| Chapter 11 Summary | |
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| Plate Tectonics and the Formation of the Earth's Oceans | |
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| Some Plate-Tectonic Basics | |
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| The Nature and Origin of the Ocean Floor | |
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| Determining Plate Velocity | |
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| The Driving Forces of Plate Motion | |
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| Chapter 12 Summary | |
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| Continental Tectonics and the Formation of the Earth's Continents | |
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| The Origin and Shaping of Continents | |
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| The Tectonic History of the North American Continent | |
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| Chapter 13 Summary | |
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| Sculpting the Earth's Surface | |
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| Mass Movement | |
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| What Causes Mass Movement? | |
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| Types of Mass Movement | |
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| Avoiding and Preventing Mass-Movement Disasters | |
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| Extraterrestrial Mass Movement | |
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| Chapter 14 Summary | |
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| Streams and Floods | |
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| The Earth's Water | |
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| Streams | |
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| The Geological Work of Streams | |
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| Controlling Floods | |
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| Stream Evolution and Plate Tectonics | |
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| Extraterrestrial Stream Activity-Evidence from Mars | |
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| Chapter 15 Summary | |
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| Groundwater | |
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| Groundwater Infiltration and Flow | |
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| Tapping the Groundwater Reservior | |
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| Finding and Managing Groundwater | |
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| Maintaining Groundwater Quality | |
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| Caves and Karst-The Products of Groundwater Erosion | |
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| Caves | |
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| Karst Topography | |
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| Chapter 16 Summary | |
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| Glaciers and Ice Ages | |
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| Glacier Formation and Growth | |
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| The Work of Glaciers | |
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| Reconstructing Ice Age Climates | |
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| The Causes of Glaciation | |
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| The Earth's Glacial Past | |
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| Glaciation on Other Planets and Moons | |
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| Chapter 17 Summary | |
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| Deserts and the Work of Winds | |
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| Identifying Deserts | |
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| The Work of Water in Deserts | |
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| The Work of Winds in Deserts | |
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| Desertification | |
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| Wind Action on Mars | |
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| Chapter 18 Summary | |
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| Shores and Coastal Processes | |
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| Waves, Currents, and Tides | |
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| Processes That Shape Coasts | |
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| Types of Coasts | |
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| Plate-Tectonic Settings of Coasts | |
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| Sea-Level Fluctuations and Coastal Evolution | |
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| Chapter 19 Summary | |
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| Human Use of the Earth's Resources | |
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| Reserves and Resources | |
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| Fossil Fuels | |
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| Alternative Energy Resources | |
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| Mineral Resources | |
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| Future Use of Natural Resources | |
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| Chapter 20 Summary | |
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| Conversion Factors for English and Metric Units | |
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| A Statistical Portrait of Planet Earth | |
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| Reading Topographic and Geologic Maps | |
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| Mineral-Identification Charts | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Photo Credits | |
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| Index | |