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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introductory Concepts | |
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| Introduction to the Family | |
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| Two Basic Purposes of the Family | |
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| Why Work with the Family? | |
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| The Family--Society Interface | |
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| Interaction of Health/Illness and the Family | |
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| Family Efforts at Health Promotion | |
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| Family Appraisal of Symptoms | |
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| Care Seeking | |
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| Referral and Obtaining Care | |
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| Acute Response to Illness by Client and Family | |
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| Adaptation to Illness and Recovery | |
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| Definition of Family | |
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| Family Health | |
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| Characteristics of Healthy Families | |
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| Societal Changes Affecting Families | |
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| Economic Trends | |
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| Technological Advances | |
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| Demographic Trends | |
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| Sociocultural Trends: Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition | |
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| Changes in the Family | |
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| Varied Family Forms | |
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| The Nuclear Family | |
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| The Adoptive Family | |
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| The Foster Family | |
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| The Extended Family | |
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| The Single-Parent Family | |
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| The Single Adult Living Alone | |
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| The Stepparent Family | |
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| The Binuclear Family | |
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| The Nonmarital Heterosexual Cohabiting Family | |
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| The Gay and Lesbian Family | |
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| Looking at the Future of the American Family | |
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| Family Nursing Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Nursing: Focus, Evolution, and Goals | |
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| Family Nursing: Defining the Specialty | |
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| Family as Context | |
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| Family as Sum of Its Members | |
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| Family Subsystem as Client | |
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| Family as Client | |
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| Family as a Component of Society | |
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| Defining Family Nursing | |
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| Distinguishing Family Nursing from Other Practice Areas | |
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| Incorporation of Family into Standards of Care | |
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| Family Nursing's Historical Legacy | |
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| Current Issues in Family Nursing | |
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| Family Nursing Goals: Levels of Prevention | |
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| Primary Prevention: Family Health Promotion and Disease Prevention | |
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| Factors Leading to Renewed Interest in Primary Prevention | |
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| Family Health Promotion | |
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| Impediments to Primary Prevention | |
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| Specific Preventive Measures | |
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| Risk Appraisal/Risk Reduction | |
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| Family's Role in Primary Prevention | |
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| Secondary Prevention | |
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| Tertiary Prevention | |
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| Summary | |
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| Theoretical Foundations of Family Nursing | |
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| Theoretical Foundations for Family Nursing | |
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| Conceptual Sources and Functions of Theory in Family Nursing | |
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| Nursing Conceptual Models Applicable to Family Nursing | |
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| Nightingale's Environmental Model | |
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| King's Theory of Goal Attainment | |
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| Roy's Adaptation Model | |
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| Neuman's Health Systems Model | |
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| Orem's Self-Care Model | |
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| Rogers's Science of Unitary Human Beings | |
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| Newman's Expanding Consciousness Model | |
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| Evolution of Family Nursing Theories | |
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| Family Social Science Theories | |
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| Structural-Functional Theory | |
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| Systems Theory | |
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| Family Developmental Theory | |
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| Family Interactional Theory | |
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| Family Stress Theory | |
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| Change Theory | |
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| Other Family Social Science Theories | |
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| Family Therapy Theories | |
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| Interactional/Communication Family Therapy Theory | |
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| Structural Family Therapy Theory | |
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| Family Systems Therapy Theory | |
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| Other Family Therapy Theories | |
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| Family Nursing Theories: Integrated Models | |
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| Family Assessment Intervention Model (Family Systems Stressor-Strength Model) | |
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| Calgary Family Assessment Model and Calgary Family Intervention Model | |
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| The Friedman Family Assessment Model | |
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| Summary | |
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| Structural-Functional Theory | |
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| Theoretical Perspectives Used in this Text | |
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| The Structural-Functional Approach | |
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| Concept of Structure | |
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| Concept of Function | |
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| Affective Function | |
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| Socialization and Social Placement Function | |
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| Health Care Function | |
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| Reproductive Function | |
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| Economic Function | |
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| Changes in Family Functions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Developmental Theory | |
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| Overview of Family Developmental Theory | |
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| A Critique of Family Developmental Theory | |
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| The Family Career or Family Life Cycle | |
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| Family Developmental Tasks | |
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| Family Career or Life Cycle Variations | |
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| Changing Life Cycle | |
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| Family Life Cycle Framework | |
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| Family Life Spiral | |
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| Two-Parent Nuclear Family Career or Life Cycle Stages | |
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| Transitional Stage: Between Families (The Unattached Young Adult) | |
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| Beginning Families | |
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| Childbearing Families | |
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| Families with Preschool Children | |
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| Families with School-Aged Children | |
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| Families with Teenagers | |
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| Families Launching Young Adults | |
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| Middle-Aged Parents | |
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| Families in Retirement and Old Age | |
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| Family Career or Life Cycle Stages in Divorced Families | |
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| Family Career or Life Cycle Stages in Stepparent Families | |
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| Family Career or Life Cycle Stages in Domestic Partner Relationships | |
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| Lesbian/Gay Family Career Stages | |
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| Impact of Illness and Disability on Family Developmental Stages | |
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| Family Assessment Areas: Developmental Stage and History of the Family | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnosis | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Systems Theory | |
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| General Systems Theory: Paradigm and Associated Theories | |
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| Holistic Paradigm | |
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| Associated Theories: Cybernetics and Communication Theory | |
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| The Relationship Between the Structural-Functional and Systems Theories | |
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| Central Concepts and Propositions of General Systems Theory | |
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| Family Systems: Definition and Concepts | |
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| A Systems Theory Perspective on Healthy Families | |
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| Impact of Stress and Crises on the Family System | |
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| Limitations of Family Systems Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Nursing Practice | |
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| The Family Nursing Process | |
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| Overview of the Family Nursing Process | |
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| Family Assessment | |
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| Sources of Family Assessment Data | |
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| Building a Trusting Relationship | |
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| Preparation for Family Interviews and Home Visits | |
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| Identifying Family Problems: Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Nursing Diagnosis: The NANDA Classification | |
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| Nursing Diagnosis: The OMAHA System | |
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| Determining the Family Problems | |
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| Planning | |
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| Mutual Goal Setting | |
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| Generating Alternative Approaches and Identifying Resources | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Indications for Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Nursing Intervention Systems/Models | |
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| Guidelines for Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Specific Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Barriers to Implementing Family Interventions | |
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| Evaluation and Modification of the Plan of Care | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Modification | |
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| Terminating the Nurse-Family Relationship | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Identifying Data: Sociocultural Assessment and Intervention | |
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| The Family's Cultural Orientation | |
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| Importance of Culture for Practice | |
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| Cultural-Ethnic Pluralism | |
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| The Cross-Cultural or Transcultural Approach | |
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| Ethnic Families | |
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| The Family's Social Class | |
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| Social Classes in the United States | |
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| Poverty in America | |
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| Poverty in the Family | |
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| The American Underclass | |
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| Impact of Poverty on Health | |
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| Family's Economic Status | |
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| Social Class Mobility | |
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| Family Assessment Areas | |
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| Assessment of Family Composition: The Family Genogram | |
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| Assessment of Family's Cultural Background | |
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| Ethnic and Religious Assessment Areas | |
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| Assessment of Socioeconomic Status and Social Class Mobility | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Sociocultural Family Interventions | |
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| Economic Interventions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Environmental Data | |
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| The Family Environment and Family Health | |
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| Characteristics of the Home Environment | |
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| Housing: Structure, Safety, and Health Hazards | |
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| Resources in the Home Environment | |
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| Homeless Families | |
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| Characteristics of the Neighborhood and Community Environments | |
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| Physical and Geographic Characteristics of the Neighborhood | |
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| Social and Demographic Characteristics of the Neighborhood | |
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| Sociopolitical Environment and Family Health | |
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| Areas of Assessment | |
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| Assessing the Home Environment | |
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| Areas of Assessment: Neighborhood and Community | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Communication Patterns and Processes | |
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| Defining Communication | |
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| Elements of Communication | |
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| Communication Principles | |
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| Channels of Communication | |
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| Functional Communication Processes | |
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| The Functional Sender | |
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| The Functional Receiver | |
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| Dysfunctional Communication Processes | |
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| The Dysfunctional Sender | |
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| The Dysfunctional Receiver | |
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| Dysfunctional Senders and Receivers | |
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| Functional Communication Patterns in the Family | |
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| Communicating Clearly and Congruently | |
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| Emotional Communication | |
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| Open Areas of Communication and Self-Disclosure | |
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| Power Hierarchy and Family Rules | |
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| Family Conflict and Family Conflict Resolution | |
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| Research on Marital Interactions | |
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| Dysfunctional Communication Patterns in the Family | |
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| Factors Influencing Family Communication Patterns | |
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| Communication Patterns in Families with Different Ethnic/Cultural Backgrounds | |
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| Communication Differences over the Family Life Cycle | |
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| Gender Differences in Communication | |
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| Communication Differences in Family Forms | |
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| Communication Differences Due to the Family Mini-culture | |
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| Communication in Families with Health Alterations | |
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| Assessment Areas | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Power and Decision Making | |
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| Family Power: Concepts and Domains | |
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| Family Power | |
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| Authority | |
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| Power Bases | |
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| Power Outcomes | |
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| Family Decision Making | |
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| Variables Affecting Family Power Dynamics | |
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| Family Power Hierarchy | |
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| Type of Family Form | |
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| Formation of Family Coalitions | |
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| Family Communications Network | |
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| Gender Differences | |
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| Age and Family Life Cycle Factors | |
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| Cultural and Interpersonal Factors | |
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| Social Class | |
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| Classifying Overall Family Power Structure | |
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| Family Power in Healthy Families | |
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| Power Dynamics and Family Violence | |
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| Theoretical Perspectives of Family Violence | |
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| Intimate Partner Abuse | |
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| Child Abuse | |
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| Sibling Abuse | |
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| Parent Abuse | |
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| Elder Abuse | |
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| Assessment of Family Power | |
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| Power Outcomes | |
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| Decision-Making Processes | |
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| Power Bases | |
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| Variables Affecting Family Power | |
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| Overall Family System and Subsystem Power | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Role Structure | |
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| Role Theory: Definitions and Key Concepts | |
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| Role Behavior, Performance, and Enactment | |
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| Role Sharing, Role-Taking, and Reciprocal/Complementary Roles | |
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| Role Stress/Strain and Role Conflict | |
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| Propositions About Family Roles | |
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| Formal Family Roles | |
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| Marital Roles and Marital Relationships | |
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| Women's and Men's Roles in the Family | |
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| Grandparent's Roles in the Family | |
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| Family Role Changes | |
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| Informal Family Roles | |
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| Variables Affecting Role Structure | |
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| Social Class Differences | |
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| Family Forms | |
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| Cultural/Ethnic Influences | |
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| Family Developmental Stage | |
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| Role Models | |
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| Healthy Family Role Functioning | |
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| Family Roles During Health Alterations | |
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| Role of Mother in Health and Illness | |
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| The Family Caregiver Role | |
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| Role Changes During Illness and Hospitalization | |
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| Assessment of Family Role Structure | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Role Supplementation of Role Enhancement Strategies for Role Transitions | |
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| Interventions for Role Strain | |
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| Interventions for Role Inadequacy | |
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| Interventions for Role Conflict | |
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| Interventions for Role Failure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Values | |
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| Basic Definitions | |
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| Values | |
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| Family Values | |
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| Beliefs | |
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| Norms | |
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| Family Rules | |
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| Disparity in Value Systems | |
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| Diverse Social Values | |
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| Clash of Values Between Dominant Culture and Subculture | |
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| Clash of Values Between Generations | |
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| Differences Between the Family Members and the Health Care Professional | |
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| Value Changes in American Society | |
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| Major Value Orientations | |
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| Productivity/Individual Achievement | |
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| Individualism | |
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| Materialism/The Consumption Ethic | |
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| The Work Ethic | |
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| Education | |
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| Equality | |
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| Progress and Mastery over the Environment | |
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| Future Time Orientation | |
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| Efficiency, Orderliness, and Practicality | |
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| Rationality | |
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| Quality of Life and Maintaining Health | |
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| Tolerance of Diversity | |
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| Family Values | |
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| Major Variables Affecting Family Values | |
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| Family's Socioeconomic Status | |
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| Family's Ethnicity and Acculturation | |
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| Geographical Location (Urban, Suburban, or Rural) | |
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| Generational Differences | |
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| Family Assessment | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Values Clarification | |
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| Cross-Cultural Counseling Approaches | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Family Affective Function | |
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| Importance of the Affective Function | |
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| Components of the Affective Function | |
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| Maintaining Mutual Nurturance | |
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| Development of Close Relationships | |
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| Mutual Respect Balance | |
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| Bonding and Identification | |
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| Separateness and Connectedness | |
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| Need-Response Patterns | |
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| The Therapeutic Role | |
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| The Affective Function in Energized Families | |
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| The Family Under Stress: The Affective Function | |
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| Family Assessment | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Interventions Promoting Healthy Need-Response Patterns | |
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| Promoting Mutual Nurturance | |
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| Assisting Families with Closeness-Separateness Issues | |
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| Assisting Families with Grieving | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Family Socialization Function | |
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| Socialization: Definitions and Influences | |
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| Societal Context for Childrearing Families | |
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| Contemporary Socialization Patterns | |
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| Changes in Gender Role Socialization | |
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| Day Care and Socialization of Young Children | |
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| Changes in Expectations for Children and Adolescents | |
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| Legislation Affecting Child Care and Children | |
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| Theories Related to Socialization | |
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| Developmental Theories | |
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| Socialization Proccesses | |
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| Parental Support and Control | |
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| Cultural Variations in Socialization Patterns | |
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| Social Class Differences in Socialization | |
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| Other Variables Influencing Childrearing | |
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| Family Form and Socialization | |
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| Single-Parent Families | |
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| Stepparent Families | |
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| Gay/Lesbian Families | |
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| Family Assessment Areas | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Making Interventions Socioculturally Appropriate | |
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| Teaching and Anticipatory Guidance for Varied Family Forms | |
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| Initiating Referrals to Early Intervention Programs | |
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| Initiating Referrals to Parenting Programs | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Family Health Care Function | |
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| Family Behaviors Related to Health and Illness | |
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| Differences in Conceptualizations of Health and Illness | |
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| Health Beliefs About Health Care Seeking and Health Action | |
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| How Well Families Perform the Health Care Function | |
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| Health Care Practices | |
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| Family Dietary Practices | |
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| Shopping, Planning, and Preparation Practices | |
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| Family Sleep and Rest Practices | |
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| Family Physical Activities and Recreational Activities | |
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| Family's Therapeutic and Recreational Drug, Tobacco, and Alcohol Patterns | |
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| Family's Self-Care Practices | |
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| Environmental and Hygiene Practices | |
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| Medically Based Preventive Measures | |
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| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | |
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| Family Health Assessment | |
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| Health Care Function | |
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| Family Health History | |
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| Family Health Records | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnosis | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions: Guidelines for Lifestyle Modifications | |
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| Self-Confrontation | |
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| Cognitive Reframing | |
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| Modeling | |
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| Operant Conditioning | |
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| Stimulus Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Family Stress, Coping, and Adaptation | |
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| How Well Families Are Coping | |
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| Basic Stress and Coping Concepts | |
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| Time Phases of Stress and Coping Strategies | |
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| Antestress Period | |
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| Actual Stress Period | |
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| Poststress Period | |
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| |
| Family Stress Theories | |
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| Hill's Family Stress Theory | |
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| |
| The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation | |
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| Stressors and Their Impact | |
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| Family Coping Strategies | |
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| Internal Family Coping Strategies | |
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| External Family Coping Strategies | |
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| Dysfunctional Family Coping Strategies | |
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| |
| Denial of Family Problems | |
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| Family Dissolution and Addiction | |
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| Family Violence | |
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| Factors Influencing Coping | |
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| Gender Differences in Coping | |
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| Sociocultural Variations in Family Coping | |
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| Impact of Health Alterations | |
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| Family Assessment Areas | |
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| Family Stressors, Strengths, and Perceptions | |
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| Family Coping Strategies | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| Tracking Stressors, Coping, Adaptation Over Time | |
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| Family Nursing Diagnoses | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Assisting Family to Decrease Risk Factors | |
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| Assisting Families at Risk to Cope | |
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| Protecting Family Members Who Are at Risk for Violence | |
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| Referring Families that Exhibit More Complex Family Coping Problems and Dysfunction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cultural Diversity Among Families | |
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| The Latino Family | |
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| Latino Demographic Patterns | |
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| The Latino Interface with American Society | |
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| The Mexican-American Experience | |
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| The Central-American Experience | |
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| The Puerto Rican Experience | |
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| The Cuban Experience | |
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| Family-Society Interface: Effect on Family Life | |
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| Environmental Issues | |
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| The Acculturation Issue | |
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| Socioeconomic Status of Latinos | |
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| The Normative Family Form | |
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| Family Structural Characteristics | |
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| Family Values | |
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| Family Roles and Power | |
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| Family Communication Patterns | |
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| Family Functional Characteristics | |
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| The Family Socialization Function | |
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| The Family Health Care Function | |
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| Access to and Attitudes About Western Health Care | |
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| Family Stressors and Coping Strategies | |
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| Family Support | |
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| Spiritual Support | |
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| Fatalism/Passive Appraisal | |
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| Contrasts with Anglo Families | |
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| Family Nursing Assessment | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Summary | |
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| The African-American Family | |
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| African-American Demographic Patterns | |
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| Teenage Pregnancies and Single-Parent Families | |
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| Marriages: Delayed and Declining | |
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| Rising Number of Troubled African-American Men | |
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| The African-American Family: A Legacy of Vulnerability and Resilience | |
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| Status of African-American Families: Criticism of the Literature | |
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| Studies of African-American Families by Social Scientists | |
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| African-American Family Forms and Kinship System | |
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| Extended Families | |
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| Single-Parent Families | |
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| Family Values and Coping Strategies | |
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| Strong Religious Commitment and Participation | |
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| Strong Bonds and Support from Kin and Friends | |
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| Family Role Flexibility | |
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| The Family Socialization Function | |
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| The Family Health Care Function | |
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| Historic Review | |
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| Use of Folk Medicine and Home Remedies Today | |
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| Health Care Access Barriers | |
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| Social Class Differences | |
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| African-American Upper- and Middle-Class Families | |
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| African-American Nonpoor Working-Class Families | |
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| African-American Lower-Class Families: The Working Poor and the Nonworking Poor | |
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| Family Nursing Assessment | |
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| Replacing Stereotypes with Informed Knowledge | |
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| Assessing Family Stress and Coping Patterns | |
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| Dealing with Client Discomfort and Mistrust | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Encouraging the Use of Extended Families, Social Networks, and Self-Help Groups | |
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| Encouraging the Use of Spiritual and Church Support | |
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| Assisting with Health-Related Family Problems | |
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| Promoting Family-Centered Health Regimes | |
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| Emphasizing Strengths and Empowerment | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Asian-American Family | |
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| Asian-American Demographic Patterns | |
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| Chinese-Americans | |
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| Japanese-Americans | |
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| Korean-Americans | |
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| Filipino-Americans | |
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| Vietnamese-Americans | |
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| Commonalities and Differences Among Asian Americans | |
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| Family Structural Characteristics | |
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| Family Values and Beliefs | |
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| The Family Role and Power Structure | |
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| Family Communication Patterns | |
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| Family Functional Characteristics | |
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| The Family Affective Function | |
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| The Family Socialization Function | |
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| The Family Health Care Function | |
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| Family Stressors and Coping Strategies | |
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| Influence of Acculturation on Family Structure and Functions | |
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| Family Nursing Assessment | |
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| Culture | |
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| Environment | |
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| Family Nursing Interventions | |
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| Summary | |