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Preface | |
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Preview | |
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Bird numbers | |
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Counting birds | |
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Population trends | |
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Environmental limiting factors | |
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Demographic parameters | |
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Density-dependence | |
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Pest control and hunting | |
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Social behaviour | |
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Life-history features | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Behaviour and Density Regulation | |
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Social Systems and Status | |
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Social Systems | |
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Advantages of dominance | |
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Performance of territorial and non-territorial individuals | |
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Advantages of submission | |
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Some consequences of dominance relationships | |
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Other inequalities | |
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Summary | |
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Habitat and Density Regulation | |
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Local settlement in relation to resource levels | |
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Effect of habitat variation on settlement pattern | |
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Sources and sinks | |
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Other responses to habitat saturation | |
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Non-territorial adults | |
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Measurement of carrying capacity | |
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Disparate carrying capacities of breeding and wintering habitats | |
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Estimating the effects of habitat loss | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Territorial Behaviour and Density Limitation | |
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Density limitation | |
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Removal experiments | |
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Discussion | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Density-dependence | |
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Annual counts | |
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Life-cycle studies | |
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Experimental manipulations of density | |
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Other density-dependent responses | |
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Spatial density-dependence | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Habitat Fragments and Metapopulations | |
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Metapopulations | |
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Field evidence for metapopulations | |
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Mainland-island metapopulations | |
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Other factors affecting the persistence of metapopulations | |
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Habitat fragmentation and regional extinctions | |
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Continuous populations in fragmented landscapes | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Natural Limiting Factors | |
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Food-supply | |
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Effects of food-shortage on individuals | |
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Correlations between bird numbers and food-supplies | |
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Measurements on the birds themselves | |
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Measurements on the food-supply | |
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Experimental manipulations of food-supplies | |
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Summary | |
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Nest-sites | |
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Species that nest in tree-cavities | |
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Species that nest of cliffs or other restricted sites | |
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Factors constraining the types of site used | |
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Summary | |
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Predation | |
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The predators | |
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Some theoretical considerations | |
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Effects of predation on individuals | |
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Predation in the annual cycle | |
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Effects of predation on populations | |
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Habitat-predation interactions | |
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Manipulation of predation | |
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Other issues | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Parasites and Pathogens | |
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The parasites | |
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Effects of parasites on individuals | |
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Effects of parasites on populations | |
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Other conservation problems | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Weather | |
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General weather effects | |
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Prolonged severe weather | |
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Episodic weather events | |
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Oceanic conditions | |
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Selective mortality resulting from weather events | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Inter-specific Competition | |
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Effects on individuals | |
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Effects on populations: long-term responses | |
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Effects on populations: short-term responses | |
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Experimental evidence for effects of competition | |
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Apparent competition: sharing of natural enemies | |
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Summary | |
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Interactions between Different Limiting Factors | |
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Review of experimental and other evidence | |
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Interactions involving different resources | |
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Interactions between nest-sites, predators and parasites | |
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Inter-specific interactions | |
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Interactions between food-supplies, predators and parasites | |
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Food and pollutants | |
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Other interactive factors | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Human Impacts | |
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Hunting and Pest Control | |
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Hunting | |
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Pest control | |
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Summary | |
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Pesticides and Pollutants | |
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Some general points about pesticides | |
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Direct effects on populations | |
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Indirect effects on populations through food-shortage | |
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Indirect effects on populations through alteration of habitats | |
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Genetic aspects | |
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Use of historical material | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Extinction | |
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Natural extinctions | |
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Human-caused extinctions | |
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Some general points | |
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Role of chance in extinctions | |
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Predictions of future extinctions | |
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Examples of populations recovering from small numbers | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Summary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |