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| About the Editor | |
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| List of Contributors | |
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| Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructured Metals, Metal Alloys, and Semiconductors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials | |
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| Physical Methods | |
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| Chemical Methods | |
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| Synthesis of Metals, Intermetallics, and Semiconductors | |
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| Chemical Synthesis of Metals | |
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| Synthesis of Intermetallics | |
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| Synthesis of Semiconductors | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Nanocomposites Prepared by Sol-Gel Methods: Synthesis and Characterization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nanocomposites Containing Elemental Nanoparticulates | |
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| Group VI Metal Nanocomposites | |
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| Group VIII Metal Nanocomposites | |
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| Group IX Metal Nanocomposites | |
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| Group X Metal Nanocomposites | |
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| Group XI Metal Nanocomposites | |
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| Metal Alloy Nanocomposites | |
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| Group XIV Nanocomposites | |
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| Nanocomposites Containing Nanoparticulate Substances | |
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| Metal Carbide Nanocomposites | |
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| Metal Pnictide Nanocomposites | |
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| Metal Oxide Nanocomposites | |
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| Metal Chalcogenide (S, Se, or Te) Nanocomposites | |
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| Metal Halide Nanocomposites | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Low-Temperature Compaction of Nanosize Powders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Low-Temperature-High-Pressure Powder Compaction | |
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| Diamond Anvil Pressure Cell | |
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| High-Pressure Compaction with the Piston-Cylinder Device | |
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| Piston-Cylinder Die | |
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| Equipment Configuration | |
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| Computer Control and Software Development | |
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| Compaction and Lubricants | |
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| Compaction of Si[subscript 3]N[subscript 4] Powder | |
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| Compaction of [gamma]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Powder | |
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| Nanosize [gamma]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Powder Processing | |
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| Compaction Equations for Powders | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Semiconductor Nanoparticles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Preparation and Characterization | |
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| Size Control | |
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| Crystalline Phase Control | |
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| Size Quantization Effects | |
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| Nonlinear Optical Properties | |
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| Emission Characteristics | |
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| Trapping of Charge Carriers | |
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| Interfacial Charge Transfer Processes in Colloidal Semiconductor Systems | |
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| Reductive Process | |
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| Oxidative Process | |
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| Kinetics of Interfacial Electron Transfer | |
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| Photocatalytic Applications | |
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| Organic Synthesis | |
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| Fixation of Carbon Dioxide into Organic Compounds | |
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| Reduction of Nitrogen | |
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| Decomposition of Nitrogen Oxides and Their Anions | |
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| Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants | |
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| Surface Modification of Semiconductor Colloids | |
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| Deposition of Metals on Semiconductors | |
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| Capping with Organic and Inorganic Molecules | |
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| Surface Modification with Sensitizing Dyes | |
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| Ultrafast Charge Injection into Semiconductor Nanocrystallites | |
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| Designing Multicomponent Semiconductor Systems | |
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| Ordered Nanostructures using Semiconductor Nanocrystallites and Their Functionality | |
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| Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Semiconductor Films | |
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| Electron Storage and Photo- and Electrochromic Effects | |
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| As a Photosensitive Electrode | |
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| Sensitization of Large-Band-Gap Semiconductors | |
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| Single-Electron Tunneling Devices | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Colloidal Quantum Dots of III-V Semiconductors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Synthesis of Colloidal Quantum Dots | |
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| Synthesis of Colloidal InP Quantum Dots | |
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| Etching of Colloidal InP Quantum Dots with HF | |
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| Synthesis of Colloidal GaP Quantum Dots | |
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| Synthesis of Colloidal GaInP[subscript 2] Quantum Dots | |
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| Properties of III-V Quantum Dots | |
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| InP Quantum Dots | |
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| GaP Quantum Dots | |
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| GaInP[subscript 2] Quantum Dots | |
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| GaAs Quantum Dots | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Strained-Layer Heteroepitaxy to Fabricate Self-Assembled Semiconductor Islands | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Trends in Semiconductor Nanostructures: Smaller in All Dimensions | |
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| Processing: The Good and the Bad | |
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| An Alternative: Self-Assembled Structures | |
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| Outline of the Chapter | |
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| Basics of Heteroepitaxy | |
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| Fundamental Processes during Epitaxy | |
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| Heteroepitaxial Growth Models | |
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| Common Experimental Techniques | |
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| Synthesis Techniques | |
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| Characterization Techniques | |
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| Two-Dimensional Growth and Island Formation Before Transition to Three-Dimensional Growth | |
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| Initial Stages of the Two-Dimensional Layer Formation | |
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| Transition from the Two-Dimensional Layer to Three-Dimensional Islands | |
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| Effects of Surface Reconstruction | |
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| Effects of Surface Orientation | |
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| Three-Dimensional Islands | |
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| Early Work | |
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| Strain Relief from the Islands | |
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| Different Types of Islands | |
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| Impact of Deposition Conditions | |
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| Impact of Surface Orientation | |
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| Controlling the Location of Self-Assembled Islands | |
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| Physical Properties and Applications of Self-Assembled Islands | |
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| Physical Properties: Some Examples | |
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| Self-Assembled Islands in Devices | |
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| Use of Islands to Make Other Nanostructures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Hybrid Magnetic-Semiconductor Nanostructures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electrons in Microscopically Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields | |
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| Magnetic Field Profiles | |
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| One-Dimensional Profiles | |
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| Periodic Structures | |
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| Quantum Motion in Nonhomogeneous Magnetic Fields | |
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| Magnetic Step | |
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| Magnetic Barrier | |
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| Magnetic Quantum Well | |
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| Resonant Tunneling Structures | |
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| Magnetic Dot | |
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| Diffusive Transport of Electrons through Magnetic Barriers | |
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| Theoretical Formalism | |
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| Single Magnetic Barrier | |
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| Magnetic Barriers in Series | |
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| One-Dimensional Magnetic Modulation | |
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| Weak Magnetic Modulation | |
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| Electric and Magnetic Modulations | |
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| Magnetic Minibands | |
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| Two-Dimensional Magnetic Modulation | |
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| Periodic Two-Dimensional Modulation | |
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| A Random Array of Identical Magnetic Disks | |
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| Random Magnetic Fields | |
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| Hall Effect Devices | |
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| Ballistic Hall Magnetometry | |
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| Hall Magnetometry in the Diffusive Regime | |
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| Hybrid Hall Effect Device | |
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| Nonpolarized Current Injection from Semiconductor into Ferromagnets | |
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| Spin Injection Ferromagnetic/Semiconductor Structures | |
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| Spin-Polarized Electronic Current from Ferromagnets | |
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| Optical Detection of Spin-Polarized Tunnel Current | |
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| Spin-Polarized Electronic (Tunnel) Current from Optically Pumped Semiconductors | |
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| Spin-Polarized Current from Magnetic Contacts to Semiconductors | |
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| Ferromagnetic/Semiconductor Experimental Structures | |
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| The Need for Epitaxy | |
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| General Metal Epitaxy Criteria | |
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| Elemental Ferromagnetic Metal Epitaxy on Semiconductors | |
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| Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Ferromagnets at the Ferromagnetic/Semiconductor Interfaces | |
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| Properties of Managanese-Based Epitaxial Magnetic Layers on III-V Semiconductors | |
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| Semiconductor/Ferromagnetic/Semiconductor Multilayers | |
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| Nanoscale Magnets | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Self-Organized Magnetic Nanostructures in Semiconductor Thin Films | |
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| Experimental Conditions for Thin Films with Nanoclusters by Molecular Beam Epitaxy + Annealing | |
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| Superlattices of Nanoscale Magnet Layers and Semiconductors | |
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| Engineering Aspects of Superlattices of Nanoscale Magnet Layers and Semiconductors | |
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| Structural and Magnetic Properties of the Superlattices | |
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| Current Perpendicular to the Plane Magnetotransport | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure | |
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| Growth | |
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| Synthesis of Nanotubes | |
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| Purification of Nanotubes | |
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| Growth Mechanisms | |
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| Nanotube Properties | |
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| Electronic Properties | |
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| Mechanical Properties | |
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| Other Properties | |
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| Nanotube Templates | |
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| Applications of Nanotubes | |
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| Nanotubes Made from Noncarbon Materials | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Encapsulation and Crystallization Behavior of Materials Inside Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methods of Opening, Filling, and Purifying Multiple- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Preparation of Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Removal of Extraneous Carbon Material | |
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| Opening and Decarboxylation of Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Techniques for Filling Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Some Reactions of the Included Materials | |
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| Chemical Methods for Filling Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Filling Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Molten Media | |
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| Arc and Catalytic Methods for Filling Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Chemical Reactions inside Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Purification of Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from External Material Following Encapsulation | |
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| Synthesis, Purification and Filling of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Methods for Preparing Purified Samples of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Filling of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Ruthenium Metal | |
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| Crystallization Behavior inside Multiple- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Control over Crystallite Morphology and Orientation in Multiple- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Spiraling Crystal Growth inside Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Crystallization Observed in Catalytically Formed Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Relationship between Graphene Wall Periodicity and Crystallization inside Multiple- and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Silicon-Based Nanostructures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Optical Properties of Silicon and Related Materials | |
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| General Remarks | |
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| Group IV Heterostructures: Electronic Zone Folding | |
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| The Direct-Gap Material FeSi[subscript 2] as a Silicon-Based Light Emitter | |
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| Erbium-Doped Silicon Light Emitters | |
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| Quantum Confinement | |
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| Two-, One-, and Zero-Dimensional Confinement | |
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| Si-SiGe Quantum Wells | |
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| Porous Silicon | |
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| Postgrowth Nanofabrication by Lithography and Etching | |
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| Self-Organized Growth | |
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| Selective Epitaxial Growth | |
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| V-Groove Growth | |
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| Local Growth of Dots and Wires through Shadow Masks | |
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| Silicon Nanocrystallites | |
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| Si/III-V Light-Emitting Nanotips | |
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| Single-Electron Electronics | |
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| Tips for Atomic Force Microscopy and Field Emission | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Electronic Transport Properties of Quantum Dots | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fabricated Quantum Dots: Vertical and Horizontal Systems | |
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| Impurity Dot System: Coulomb Potential Confinement | |
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| Theory | |
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| Energy States of a Fabricated Quantum Dot | |
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| Energy States of the Impurity Dot | |
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| Current-Voltage Characteristics of Vertical Dot: Fabricated and Impurity Systems | |
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| Sample Growth and Fabrication | |
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| Experimental Results | |
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| Current-Voltage Characteristics | |
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| Variable-Temperature Measurements | |
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| Magnetotunneling Measurements: Diamagnetic Shifts and Current Suppression | |
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| Magnetotunneling Measurements: Fine Structure | |
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| Magnetotunneling Measurements: Spin Splitting and g Factor | |
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| Magnetotunneling Measurements: Electron Tunneling Rates | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Photorefractive Semiconductor Nanostructures | |
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| Overview | |
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| Photorefractive Quantum-Well Structures | |
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| Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of Epilayers, Heterostructures, and Quantum Wells | |
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| Defect Engineering | |
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| Photorefractive Quantum-Well Geometries | |
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| Electronic Transport and Grating Formation | |
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| Dielectric Relaxation Time | |
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| The Two-Band One-Defect Model | |
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| Optical Properties of Photorefractive Multiple Quantum Wells | |
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| Quantum-Confined Excitons | |
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| Excitons in an Electric Field: Electroabsorption | |
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| Kramers-Kronig Relation | |
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| Diffraction | |
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| Raman-Nath Diffraction | |
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| Nondegenerate Four-Wave Mixing | |
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| Two-Wave Mixing | |
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| Photorefractive Effects and Applications | |
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| Dynamics of the Stark Geometry | |
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| Asymmetric Fabry-Perot and Microcavity Effects | |
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| Novel Bandgap Engineering | |
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| Applications of Photorefractive Quantum Wells in Ultrafast (Femtosecond) Optical Communications and Image Processing | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Linear and Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy States and Optical Transitions in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Theoretical Models | |
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| Parabolic-Band Model | |
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| Effects of Valence-Band Mixing | |
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| Coulomb Effects | |
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| Effects of the Finite Potential Barrier and Nonparabolicity of the Conduction Band | |
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| Experimental Studies of Energy Structures in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
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| Energy Gap in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
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| Observations of Electron Quantized States | |
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| Studies of Hole Energy Structures | |
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| Fine Structure of the Lowest Exciton State | |
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| Effects of Electron-Phonon Interactions on the Optical Spectra of Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
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| The Model of a Displaced Oscillator | |
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| Electron-Optical Phonon Interactions | |
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| Electron-Acoustic Phonon Interactions | |
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| Band-Edge Optical Nonlinearities in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
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| State-Filling and Optical Nonlinearities | |
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| Coulomb Interactions and Optical Nonlinearities | |
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| Third-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility | |
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| Optical Nonlinearities in Direct- and Indirect-Gap Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
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| Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
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| Intraband Energy Relaxation Dynamics | |
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| Carrier Recombination and Trapping Dynamics | |
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| Auger Recombination in Semiconductor Nanocrystals | |
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| Conclusions and Prospects | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Molecular and Supramolecular Nanomachines | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Conventional Molecular Systems | |
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| Conformational Change | |
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| Configurational Change | |
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| Constitutional Change | |
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| Supramolecular Systems | |
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| Crown Ethers | |
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| Fluorescent Signaling Systems | |
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| Redox Switches by Ligand Exchange | |
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| Translocation in Helical Complexes | |
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| Photoswitchable Complexation of Metalloporphyrins | |
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| Dendritic Boxes: Ships in a Bottle | |
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| Complexation/Decomplexation of Pseudorotaxanes | |
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| Logic Gates | |
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| Interlocked Molecular Systems | |
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| Switching Properties in Catenanes | |
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| An Electrochemically Controlled Self-Complexing Macrocycle | |
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| Rotaxanes: From Molecular Shuttles to Molecular Switches | |
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| Conclusions and Reflections | |
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| References | |
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| Functional Nanostructures Incorporating Responsive Modules | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Functional Molecular Structures: General Definition | |
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| Scope and Context of Review | |
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| Rotaxanes and Catenanes: Nomenclature and General Synthetic Methods | |
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| Learning from Nature: Bioactive Modules | |
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| Light-Harvesting Antenna | |
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| Light-Activated Biological Switches | |
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| Overview | |
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| Artificial Systems: Applications and Examples | |
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| Artificial Molecular Systems Based on Rotaxanes, Catenanes, and Cyclophanes | |
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| Photosynthetic Reaction Center Mimics | |
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| Overview | |
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| Miscellaneous Examples | |
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| Ion Expulsion from Crown-Based Assemblies | |
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| Molecular Capture by Conformational Switching | |
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| Structural Modification by Ion Binding | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Structure, Behavior, and Manipulation of Nanoscale Biological Assemblies | |
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| Biological Molecules as Nanostructured Materials | |
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| Scanning Probe Microscopy of Nanoscale Biological Assemblies | |
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| Scanning Probe Microscopy | |
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| Scanning Probe Microscopy of Supported Biological Membranes | |
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| DNA Imaging | |
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| Scanning Probe Microscopy of Nucleoprotein Complexes | |
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| Protein-Phospholipid Structures | |
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| Protein-Lipid Complexes | |
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| Morphology and Function of Native Membranes | |
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| Protein-Lipid Interactions | |
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| Nonnative Interactions | |
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| Reconstitution of Integral Membrane Proteins | |
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| Practical Applications of Protein-Lipid Complexes | |
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| Surface-Immobilized Protein Nanostructures | |
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| Oriented Protein Arrays | |
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| Azimuthal Orientation | |
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| Surface Patterning | |
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| Three-Dimensional Protein Nanostructures: Protein Whiskers | |
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| Additional Factors Affecting Nanostructure Architecture | |
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| Characterization of Surface-Immobilized Nanostructures | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |