Handbook of Thin Films

Name: Handbook of Thin Films
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ISBN: 9780125129084

ISBN-10: 0125129084

ISBN-13: 9780125129084

Edition: 2002 (Handbook (Instructor's))

Authors: Hari Singh Nalwa

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Description:

This five-volume handbook focuses on processing techniques, characterization methods, and physical properties of thin films (thin layers of insulating, conducting, or semiconductor material). The editor has composed five separate, thematic volumes on thin films of metals, semimetals, glasses, ceramics, alloys, organics, diamonds, graphites, porous materials, noncrystalline solids, supramolecules, polymers, copolymers, biopolymers, composites, blends, activated carbons, intermetallics, chalcogenides, dyes, pigments, nanostructured materials, biomaterials, inorganic/polymer composites, organoceramics, metallocenes, disordered systems, liquid crystals, quasicrystals, and layered structures.…

Book details

List price: $4,240.00
Copyright year: 2002
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology
Publication date: 11/17/2001
Pages: 3451
Size: 8.46" wide x 10.94" long x 8.00" tall
Weight: 21.868
Language: English






About the Editor


List of Contributors


Volume Listing



Methods of Deposition of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon for Device Applications




Introduction



Research and Industrial Equipment



Physics and Chemistry of PECVD



Plasma Modeling



Plasma Analysis



Relation between Plasma Parameters and Material Properties



Deposition Models



Modifications of PECVD



Hot Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition



Expanding Thermal Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition



Applications



Conclusion


Acknowledgments


References



Atomic Layer Deposition




Introduction



Alternative Names



Basic Features of ALD



ALD Reactors



ALD Precursors



Film Materials and Applications



Characterization of ALD Processes



Summary


References



Laser Applications in Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Films Processing




Introduction



General Electrical Properties of TCO Films



Excimer Lasers



PLD Deposition Technique



Properties of PLD Indium Oxide Films



Properties of PLD ITO Films



Laser Irradiation



Other TCO Materials--Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Thin Films



Applications of PLD ITO Films



Conclusion


References



Cold Plasma Processes in Surface Science and Technology




Introduction



Applications



Outlook


Acknowledgments


References



Electrochemical Formation of Thin Films of Binary III-V Compounds




Introduction



Group III-V Compounds



Electrodeposition



Codeposition: Basic Considerations



Codeposition from Aqueous Solutions



Codeposition from Molten Salts



Sequential Electrodeposition



Electrodeposition of Group III-V Compounds



Diffusion Process and Formation of Group III-V Compounds



Influence of the Substrate Structure and Morphology on the Diffusion Process



Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References



Fundamentals for the Formation and Structure Control of Thin Films: Nucleation, Growth, Solid-State Transformations




Introduction



Theory of Nucleation and Growth



Measurement of Nucleation and Growth



Control of Nucleation and Growth


Acknowledgments


References



Ion Implant Doping and Isolation of GaN and Related Materials




Introduction



Range Statistics



Donor Implants (Si, O, S, Se, and Te)



Acceptor Implants



Damage Removal



High Temperature Annealing



Diffusivity of Implanted Species



p-n Junction Formation



Isolation



Devices


Acknowledgment


References



Plasma Etching of GaN and Related Materials




Introduction



Plasma Reactors



Plasma Chemistries



Etch Profile And Etched Surface Morphology



Plasma-Induced Damage



Device Processing


Acknowledgments


References



Residual Stresses in Physically Vapor-Deposited Thin Films




Introduction



Microstructure and Morphology of PVD Thin Films



Magnitude of Residual Stresses in PVD Thin Films



Origin of Residual Stresses in PVD Thin Films



Effect of Major Process Parameters on the Intrinsic Stress



Data on Residual Stresses in PVD Thin Films



Summary and Conclusion


References



Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Biological Molecules




Introduction



Principles of the Langmuir-Blodgett Technique



Techniques for Studying Monolayers and LB Films



Protein Films



Conclusions


Acknowledgment


References



Structure Formation During Electrocrystallization of Metal Films




Introduction



Classification of the Structural Defects in Electrodeposits



Mechanism of Formation of Structural Defects during Noncoherent Nucleation



Classical Theory of Noncoherent Nucleation



Atomistic Analysis of Noncoherent Nucleation



Factors Influencing the Structure of Electrodeposits (Theoretical and Experimental Results)



Mechanism of Multitwinning



Conclusions


Acknowledgment


References



Epitaxial Thin Films of Intermetallic Compounds




Introduction



MBE Growth of Intermetallic Compounds



Selected Applications in Basic and Applied Research



Outlook


Acknowledgments


References



Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films: Expectations and Reality




Introduction



Composition of Pulsed Laser-Deposited Films



Structure of PLD Films



Polymorphism in PLD Films



Macrodefects in PLD Films



Influence of Target Properties on Some Features of PLD Compound Films



General Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References



Single-Crystal [beta]''-Alumina Films




Introduction



Review of the Literature on Large-Area Thin Films of [beta]''/[beta]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]



Na-[beta]''-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Single-Crystal Film Growth



Single-Crystal Film Characterization



Na-[beta]''-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]-Coated, [alpha]-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Single-Crystal Platelets



The Growth of K-[beta]'-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Single-Crystal Films



Ion Exchange Preparation of Other [beta]''-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Isomorphs in Single-Crystal Film Form



Luminescence Investigation of Cu[superscript +]-Doped, Single-Crystal [beta]''-Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Films



Summary



Appendix


Acknowledgment


References


Index





About the Editor


List of Contributors


Volume Listing



Classification of Cluster Morphologies




Structures Developing during Film Growth



Structures Developing after Completed Deposition


References



Band Structure and Orientation of Molecular Adsorbates on Surfaces by Angle-Resolved Electron Spectroscopies




Introduction



Crystallinity and the Reciprocal Lattice



Experimental Measurements of Electronic Band Structure



Symmetry and Selection Rules



Band Dispersion



Carbon Monoxide Monolayers



Molecular Nitrogen



Nitrosyl Bonding



Molecular Oxygen



Di-Halogen Adsorption



Ammonia



Water



NO[subscript 2], SO[subscript 2], CO[subscript 2]



Formate



Methanol (Methoxy), Methanethiol (Thiolate), and Related Species



Ethylene and Acetylene



Cyanogen and CN



Benzene, Pyridine, and Small Aromatics



Carboranes



Metallocenes



Phthalocyanines and Porphyrins



Large Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Organic Species



Organic Polymers and "One" Dimensional Conductors



Band Structure of Buckyball Films on Metals and Semiconductors



Conclusion


Acknowledgments


References



Superhard Coatings in C-B-N Systems: Growth and Characterization




Introduction



Diamond



Cubic Boron Nitride



Carbon Nitride Thin Films


Acknowledgments


References



Atr Spectroscopy of Thin Films




Introduction



Fundamental Theory



Orientation Measurements



Special Experimental Techniques



Applications



Conclusions



Weak-Absorption Approximation


References



Ion-Beam Characterization in Superlattices




Introduction



Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)



Ion-Beam Channeling Technique



Application of Ion-Beam Techniques to Superlattice (I)



Application of Ion-Beam Techniques to Superlattice (II)


References



In Situ and Real-Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Studies: Carbon Based and Metallic TiN[subscript x] Thin Films Growth




Introduction



Theoretical Background of Ellipsometry for Study of the Properties of Materials



Macroscopic Dielectric Function, Effective-Medium Theory, and Microscopic Surface Roughness



Ellipsometric Techniques and Extension of Ellipsometry from the IR to the Deep UV Range



Ellipsometric Studies of Carbon-Based Thin Films



Optical Characterization and Real-Time Monitoring of the Growth of Metallic TiN[subscript x] Films



Summary and Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References



In Situ Faraday-Modulated Fast-Nulling Single-Wavelength Ellipsometry of the Growth of Semiconductor, Dielectric, and Metal Thin Films




Introduction to Ellipsometry



Experimental Techniques



Experimental Results



Conclusions



Method of Summation



Method of Resultant Waves



Relation between Ellipsometric Parameters [Delta] and [psi] and the Null Ellipsometer Variables P and A


References



Photocurrent Spectroscopy of Thin Passive Films




Introduction



Metal-Electrolyte and Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interfaces



The Passive-Film-Electrolyte Interface



Quantitative Use of PCS for the Characterization of Passive Films on Metals and Alloys


Acknowledgments


References



Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy for Surface Study




Introduction



General Scattering Theory



Many-Body Electron Scattering Theory



Optical Potentials



Theory of Deep Core Excitation EELS



Thermal Effects on EELFS



Concluding Remarks


Acknowledgments


References



Theory of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction and Photoelectron Spectroscopy From Ultra-Thin Films




Introduction



Thin Films and Quantized Electronic States



Low-Energy Electron Diffraction



Photoelectron Spectroscopy


Acknowledgments


References



In Situ Synchrotron Structural Studies of the Growth of Oxides and Metals




Introduction



Experimental Techniques



Preparation and Structure of Clean Surfaces



Model Metal/Oxide Systems



Exchange-Coupled Systems



Growth of Nickel Oxide



Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References



Operator Formalism in Polarization-Nonlinear Optics and Spectroscopy of Polarization-Inhomogeneous Media




Fundamentals of the Theory of Ineraction of Vector Light Fields with Nonlinear Media



Tensor-Operator Approach to the Description of Photoanisotropic Media



Fedorov's Light Beam Tensor Formalism for Description of Vector Field Polarization



Propagation of Polarized Radiation in an Anisotropic Medium: Evolution of Probe Wave Intensity



Saturation Spectroscopy



Nonlinear Polarization Spectroscopy



Spectroscopy of Optical Mixing



Principle of Nonlinear Spectroscopic Ellipsometry



Numerical Evaluation of an Effective Nonlinear Susceptibility in the Framework of NSE



The Concept of Normal Waves in Photoanisotropic Media



Method of Combination Waves in NSE



Nonlinear Optical Ellipsometer



Nonlinear Light-Induced Anisotropy of an Isotropic Medium with Partially Polarized Light



Methods for Measuring Nonlinear Susceptibility


Acknowledgments


References



Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and its Application to Thin Film Characterization




Introduction



Fundamentals of the SIMS Technique



Fractionation Effects



Instrumentation



Factors Characterizing a SIMS Instrument



Quantification



Depth Profiling



Ion Imaging with SIMS



Applications to Thin Film Characterization


References



A Solid-State Approach to Langmuir Monolayers, Their Phases, Phase Transitions, and Design




Introduction



Molecular Model Building



Thermodynamics



Ferroelasticity of Langmuir Monolayers



Free Energy and Order Parameters



Application of the General Theory



Extensions of the Solid-State Theory of Langmuir Film Phases



Computer Simulations



Closing Remarks on the Solid-State Model for Langmuir Films



Appendix


Acknowledgments


References



Solid State NMR of Biomolecules




Introduction



Fundamentals of Solid State NMR Spectroscopy



Solid State NMR Techniques



Application of Solid State NMR to Biomolecules



Concluding Remarks


References


Index





About the Editor


List of Contributors


Volume Listing



The Electrical Properties of High-Dielectric-Constant and Ferroelectric Thin Films for Very Large Scale Integration Circuits




Introduction



High-Dielectric-Constant Films: Tantalum Oxide (Ta[subscript 2]O[subscript 5])



High-Dielectric-Constant Films: Silicon Nitride (Si[subscript 3]N[subscript 4])



High-Dielectric-Constant Films: Titanium Oxide (TiO[subscript 2])



Other High-Dielectric-Constant Films: Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3], Y[subscript 2]O[subscript 3], HfO[subscript 2], ZrO[subscript 2], and Gd[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]



Ferroelectric Films: Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)



Paraelectric Films: Barium Strontium Titanate (BST)



Ferroelectric Films: Strontium Bismuth Tantalate (SBT)



Other Ferroelectric and Paraelectric Films



Metal-Ferroelectric-Insulator-Semiconductor Structures



Conclusion


Acknowledgments


References



High-Permittivity (Ba, Sr)TiO[subscript 3] Thin Films




Introduction



Thin Film Deposition



Physical and Electrical Properties of BST Thin Films



Conduction Mechanisms



Dielectric Relaxation and Defect Analysis of BST Thin Films



Reliability



Key Technologies for Gigabit DRAMs



Optical Properties



Other Possible Applications



Summary


References



Ultrathin Gate Dielectric Films for Si-Based Microelectronic Devices




Introduction



Requirements of Ultrathin Gate Dielectric Films



Ultrathin Gate Dielectric Film Processing



Characterization of Ultrathin Gate Dielectric Films



Hydrogen and Ultrathin Gate Dielectric Films



Silicon Oxide Gate Dielectric Films



Silicon Oxynitride Gate Dielectric Films



Alternative (High-k) Gate Dielectric Films



Final Remarks


Acknowledgments


References



Piezoelectric Thin Films: Processing and Properties




Introduction



Piezoelectricity in Thin Films: Size Effects



Growth Techniques



Characterization Methods



Properties of Piezoelectric Thin Films



Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References



Fabrication and Characterization of Ferroelectric Oxide Thin Films




Introduction



Overview of Basic Physical Properties of Ferroelectric Oxides



Deposition of Ferroelectric Oxide Thin Films



Characterization of Ferroelectric Thin Films



Summary and Concluding Remarks


References



Ferroelectric Thin Films of Modified Lead Titanate




Introduction



Chemical Solution Deposition of Modified Lead Titanate Thin Films



Ferroelectric Characterization Techniques



Conclusions and Trends


Acknowledgments


References



Point Defects in Thin Insulating Films of Lithium Fluoride for Optical Microsystems




Preface



Lithium Fluoride: Material Properties



Color Centers in Lithium Fluoride Crystals



Laser Active Color Centers in Lithium Fluoride Crystals



Lithium Fluoride Films



Color Center Formation by Low-Penetrating Particles



Coloration of LiF by Low-Energy Electron Beams



Kinetics of Low-Energy Electron-Induced Color Center Formation



Refractive Index Modification Induced by Color Centers in LiF



What about "Thin Films"?



Growth of Lithium Fluoride Films



Optical Absorption of Colored LiF Films



Photoluminescence of Colored LiF Films



Influence of LiF Film Structure on Color Center Formation



Nonlinear Optical Properties of Colored LiF Films



Design of Active Waveguides in LiF



Electron-Beam Lithography for Pattern Realization



CCs in Alkali Halide Films for Passive Optical Functions



CCs in Alkali Halide Films for Active Optical Functions



Optical Microscopy on LiF-Based Microstructures



Photoluminescence for Optical Microsystem Developments



Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References



Polarization Switching of Ferroelectric Crystals




Introduction



Processing of Single Domain Crystals



Periodical Polarization Switching on Ferroelectrics with High Coercive Field



Conclusion


References



High-Temperature Superconductor and Ferroelectric Thin Films for Microwave Applications




Introduction



High-Temperature Superconducting Materials



Introduction to Ferroelectric Materials



Summary and Concluding Remarks


References



Twinning in Ferroelectric Thin Films: Theory and Structural Analysis




Introduction



Theory



Experimental Methods



Correlation Between Experiment and Theory



Summary and Concluding Remarks


Acknowledgments


Appendix


References



Ferroelectric Polymer Langmuir-Blodgett Films




Introduction



Langmuir-Blodgett Film Fabrication



Film Structure and Morphology



Ferroelectric Properties



Applications of Ferroelectric Langmuir-Blodgett Films



Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References



Optical Properties of Dielectric and Semiconductor Thin Films




Theory



Applications of Thin Films



Conclusions


Acknowledgment


References


Index





About the Editor


List of Contributors


Volume Listing



Electrochemical Passivation of Si and SiGe Surfaces




Introduction



In Situ Characterization of Surface Bond Configurations and Electronic Surface States



Electrochemically Hydrogenated Si Surfaces



Hydrogenated Porous Silicon



Thin Anodic Oxides on Si



Thick Anodic Oxides on Si



Enhanced Passivation of SiGe by Anodic Oxidation


Acknowledgments


References



Epitaxial Growth and Structure of III-V Nitride Thin Films




Introduction



Growth Methods



Epitaxial Growth



Doping of III-Nitrides



Structure and Microstructure of Epitaxial GaN



Ternary Alloys


References



Optical Properties of Highly Excited (Al, In) GaN Epilayers and Heterostructures




Introduction



General Optical Properties of the Group III-Nitrides



Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of Highly Excited Group III-Nitrides



Gain Mechanisms in Nitride Lasing Structures



Optical Properties of InGan-Based Heterostructures



Optical Properties of Nitride Thin Films at High Temperatures



Microstructure Lasing



Imaging Techniques for Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors



Summary


Acknowledgments


References



Electrical Conduction Properties of Thin Films of Cadmium Compounds




Introduction



Structure



Electrical Properties



Summary and Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References



Carbon-Containing Heteroepitaxial Silicon and Silicon/Germanium Thin Films on Si(001)




Introduction



Growth of Epitaxial Si[subscript 1-y]C[subscript y] and Si[subscript 1-x-y]Ge[subscript x]C[subscript y]



Mechanical and Structural Properties



Electrical Properties of C-Containing Alloys on Si(001)



Highly Concentrated Pseudomorphic Si[subscript 1-y]C[subscript y] Layers



Device Application of SiGe:C



Summary and Outlook


Acknowledgments


References



Low-Frequency Noise Spectroscopy for Characterization of Poly Crystalline Semiconductor Thin Films and Polysilicon Thin Film Transistors




Introduction



Noise of Polycrystalline Semiconductor Thin Films



Noise of the Drain Current in Polysilicon TFTs



Noise of the Leakage Current in Polysilicon TFTs



Avalanche-Induced Excess Noise in Polysilicon TFTs



Hot-Carrier Phenomena in Polysilicon TFTs



Concluding Remarks


References



Germanium Thin Films on Silicon for Detection of Near-Infrared Light




Introduction



SiGe Technology



SiGe on Si NIR Photodetectors: Historical Overview



Functional Devices



Numerical Simulation of Relaxed Ge/Si Heterojunctions


References



Physical Properties of Amorphous Gallium Arsenide




Introduction



Deposition and Growth Parameters



Composition, Structural, and Morphological Properties



Density of States



Optical Properties



Phonon Spectra



Electrical Transport Properties



Applications, DEvices



List of Symbols


References



Amorphous Carbon Thin Films




Introduction



Deposition and Growth



Microstructure



Optical Properties



Defect Studies of Amorphous Carbon



Electrical Properties of Amorphous Carbon



Concepts of Localization and Delocalization in a-C



Electron Field Emission



Amorphous Carbon-Based Devices



Conclusion


References



High-T[subscript c] Superconductor Thin Films




Introduction



Fabrication of High-T[subscript c] Superconductor Thin Films



High-Temperature Superconductor Thin Films



Transport Properties in High-T[subscript c] Superconductor Thin Films



Device Applications



Heterostructures



Conclusion


Acknowledgments


References



Electronic and Optical Properties of Strained Semiconductor Films of Groups IV and III-V Materials




Introduction



Deformation Potentials



The Tight-Binding Model



Strained Si



Strained Ge



Strained Si[subscript 1-x]Ge[subscript x] Alloys



Strained Si[subscript 1-y]C[subscript y] Alloys



Si/Ge Superlattices



Strained GaAs and InP



InAs/AlSb Superlattices



Summary


References



Growth, Structure, and Properties of Plasma-Deposited Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon-Nitrogen Films




Introduction



Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon Films



Nitrogen Incorporation Into a-C:H Films



Characterization of a-C(N):H Film Structure



Mechanical Properties



Optical and Electrical Properties


References



Conductive Metal Oxide Thin Films




Transparent Conducting Oxides



Ruthenium Oxide



Iridium Oxide



Strontium Ruthenate



Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Cobaltite



Concluding Remarks


References


Index





About the Editor


List of Contributors


Volume Listing



Nanoimprint Techniques




Introduction



Hot-Embossing Lithography



Mold-Assisted Lithography



Microcontact Printing



Masters, Stamps, and Molds



Sticking Challenge



Applications



Perspectives


Acknowledgments


References



The Energy Gap of Clusters, Nanoparticles, and Quantum Dots




Introduction



Experimental Techniques



Theory



Metals



Semiconductors



Unpassivated Silicon Particles



Passivated Silicon Particles



Nanowires of Silicon



Carbon Particles



Thin Films of Particles



Applications


References



Electronic States in GaAs-AlAs Short-Period Superlattices: Energy Levels and Symmetry




Introduction



Symmetry of Short-Period Superlattices



Photoluminescence and Photoluminescence Excitation Spectra of Short-Period Superlattices



Time Decay and Temperature Dependence of Photoluminescence and Photoluminescence Excitation Spectra



Photoluminescence Spectrum under Hydrostatic Pressure



Short-Period Superlattices in Externally Applied Fields



Ultra-Short-Period Superlattices



Other Experimental Methods and Other Oriented Short-Period Superlattices



Theoretical Research



Application of Short-Period Superlattices



Summary


Acknowledgment


References



Spin Waves in Thin Films, Superlattices and Multilayers




General Introduction



Spin Waves in Thin Films



Spin Waves in Superlattices and Multilayers



Discussion



Concluding Remarks


Acknowledgments


References



Quantum Well Interference in Double Quantum Wells




Introduction



Single Quantum Wells



Mechanisms for Exchange Coupling



Symmetric Double Quantum Wells: Bound States



Symmetric Double Quantum Wells: Resonant Scattering States



Asymmetric Double Quantum Well Cu/Co/Ni/Co(100)



Asymmetric Double Quantum Wells Cu/Ni/Cu/Co(100) and Cu/Co/Cu/Co(100)



Discussion



Concluding Remarks


Acknowledgments


Appendix A


Appendix B


Appendix C


Appendix D


Appendix E


Appendix F


Appendix G


Appendix H


References



Electro-Optical and Transport Properties of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials




Introduction



Methods of Synthesis and Fabrication of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials



Electronic States of the Idealized Quasi-Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials



Quasi-Particle States in the Quasi-Two-Dimensional Structures



Effect of Static External Electric and Magnetic Fields on the Quasi-Particle Energy Levels in the Q2D Systems



Dynamics of the Lattice in Q2D Systems: Phonons and Electron-Phonon Interactions



Theory of Quantum Transport in Q2D Systems



Optical Properties of Q2D Nanostructured Materials



Electron Raman Scattering in Q2D Systems



Physical Effects of Impurity States and Atomic Systems Confined in Q2D Nanostructured Materials


References



Magnetism of Nanophase Composite Films




Introduction and Scope



Nanocomposite Thin Films



Cluster-Assembled Thin Films



Exchange-Coupled Nanocomposite Hard Magnetic Films



Concluding Remarks


Acknowledgments


References



Thin Magnetic Films




Magnetism Overview



Magnetism of Thin Films



Magnetic Film Characterization



Magnetic Thin Film Processing



Applications of Magnetic Thin Films


Acknowledgments


References



Magnetotransport Effects in Semiconductors



Notation



Introduction



Influence of Magnetic Field on Equilibrium Carrier Density in Semiconductors



Hall and Galvanomagnetic Effects



Magnetoresistance



Quantum Effects in Large Magnetic Fields



Magnetotransport in Low-Dimensional Systems and in Heterostructures



Experimental Techniques


References



Thin Films for High-Density Magnetic Recording




Instruments for Magnetic Measurement



Basic Principles of Magnetic Recording



Thin Film Recording Media



Thin Films for Replay Heads



Films for Write Heads


Acknowledgment


References



Nuclear Resonance in Magnetic Thin Films and Multil Ayers




Introduction



Principles of Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy



Hyperfine Interactions and Nuclear Resonance Spectra in Thin Solid Films



Experimental Techniques for Thin Film Characterization



Nuclear Resonance Study of Metallic Multilayers



Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy in Amorphous, Nanostructured, and Granular Films



Concluding Remarks


Acknowledgments


References



Magnetic Characterization of Superconducting Thin Films




Introduction



Local and Integral Magnetization Measurements



Theoretical Description of the Ideal Flux Patterns



Flux Patterns Around Defects and Special Magneto-Optic Experiments



Magnetization Measurements



Conclusions


Acknowledgments


References


Index