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| Contributors | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Formation and Sampling of the Retinal Image | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Formation of the Retinal Image | |
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| Optical System of the Eye | |
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| Physics of Image Formation | |
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| Linear Systems Description of Image Formation | |
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| Empirical Evaluation of the Eye as an Imaging System | |
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| Schematic Models of the Eye | |
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| Neural Sampling of the Retinal Image | |
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| Retinal Architecture | |
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| Functional Implications of Neural Sampling | |
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| Evidence of Neural Sampling in Perception | |
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| Optical versus Sampling Limits to Vision | |
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| References | |
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| The Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Receptive Fields of Retinal Ganglion Cells | |
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| The Two-Mechanisms Model: Center and Surround | |
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| A Third Mechanism: Nonlinear Subunits | |
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| Measuring Receptive Fields--Systems Analysis | |
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| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Cell Receptive Fields | |
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| Visual Cortex | |
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| Simple and Complex Cells | |
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| Orientation Selectivity | |
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| Direction Selectivity | |
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| Orientation Dynamics | |
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| References | |
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| Spatial Vision | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Single Neurons and Behavior | |
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| Levels of Analysis | |
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| Linking Hypotheses | |
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| Window of Visibility | |
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| Space and Time: Retinal Coordinates | |
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| Space and Time: Environmental Coordinates | |
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| Naturalistic Viewing Conditions | |
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| Retinal Eccentricity, Luminance, and Color | |
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| Optics and Photon Noise | |
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| Retina and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | |
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| Selectivity | |
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| Performance | |
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| Primary Visual Cortex | |
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| Selectivity | |
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| Performance | |
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| Implications for Object Recognition and Scene Interpretation | |
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| References | |
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| Color Vision | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Trichromacy | |
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| Color Spaces and the Representation of Color | |
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| Physiology | |
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| Photopigments and Spectral Sensitivity | |
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| Retino-Geniculate Processing | |
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| Cortex | |
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| Chromatic Discriminations and Their Physiological Bases | |
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| Chromatic Discrimination of Uniform Stimuli | |
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| Spatial Contrast Sensitivity | |
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| Temporal Contrast Sensitivity | |
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| Color Vision Defects | |
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| Color Appearance and Its Physiological Bases | |
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| Opponency | |
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| Hue | |
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| Saturation | |
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| Brightness or Lightness | |
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| Similitude and Contrast | |
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| Adaptation and Afterimages | |
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| The Role of Color in Spatial Vision | |
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| Color Motion | |
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| References | |
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| Binocular Vision | |
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| Perceived Visual Direction | |
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| Oculocentric Direction | |
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| The Cyclopean Eye | |
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| Egocentric Direction | |
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| Visual Directions of Disparate Images | |
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| Visual Direction of Partially Occluded Objects | |
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| Violations of Hering's Laws of Visual Direction | |
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| Binocular Correspondence | |
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| Binocular Disparity | |
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| Corresponding Retinal Points | |
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| The Horizontal Horopter | |
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| The Vertical Horopter | |
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| Coordinate Systems for Binocular Disparity | |
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| Monocular Spatial Distortions and the Empirical Binocular Disparity Map | |
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| Binocular Sensory Fusion | |
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| Panum's Fusional Areas | |
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| Allelotropia | |
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| Spatial Constraints | |
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| Spatial Frequency | |
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| Retinal Eccentricity | |
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| Disparity Gradient Limits | |
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| Temporal Constraints | |
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| Color Fusion | |
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| Encoding Disparity: The Matching Problem | |
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| Classes of Matchable Tokens | |
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| Matching Constraints | |
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| Computational Algorithms | |
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| Interocular Correlation | |
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| Off-Horopter Interocular Correlation Sensitivity | |
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| Extrinsic and Intrinsic Noise and Interocular Correlation | |
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| Estimating Disparity Magnitude | |
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| Disparity Pools or Channels | |
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| Stereoscopic Depth Perception | |
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| Depth Ordering and Scaling | |
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| Hyperacuity, Superresolution, and Gap Revolution | |
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| Stereo-Acuity | |
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| Relative Disparity | |
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| Stereo-Depth Contrast | |
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| Position and Phase Limits | |
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| Off-Horopter and Eccentric Depth Discrimination | |
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| Spatial Interactions | |
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| The Contrast Paradox | |
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| Temporal Constraints | |
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| Upper Disparity Limit for Stereopsis | |
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| Sustained and Transient Stereopsis | |
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| Transient Vergence | |
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| Occlusion Stereopsis | |
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| Discriminating between Monocular and Binocular Features | |
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| Occlusion Geometry | |
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| Depth Ambiguity | |
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| Binocular Suppression | |
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| Interocular Blur Suppression | |
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| Suspension | |
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| Binocular Retinal Rivalry | |
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| Binocular Percept Rivalry | |
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| Permanent-Occlusion Suppression | |
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| References | |
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| Seeing Motion | |
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| Overview | |
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| Representing Image Motion | |
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| Movies | |
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| Space--Time Images | |
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| Frequency Domain Representations | |
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| Second-Order Motion | |
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| Representing Motion in 2-D Velocity Space | |
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| Analyzing Direction of Motion along a Given Axis | |
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| Principles and Approaches | |
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| Experimental Data | |
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| Integrating Motion Signals from Different Axes: Two-Dimensional Vectors | |
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| What Is the Problem in Going from 1-D to 2-D Motion? | |
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| How Does the Visual System Compute 2-D Motion from 1-D Motion Vectors? | |
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| Second-Order Motion Mechanisms | |
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| Importance of Second-Order Motion Signals | |
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| What Sort of Mechanism Analyzes the Motion of Contrast Variations? | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| The Neural Representation of Shape | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Organization of the Ventral Pathway | |
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| Physiological Properties | |
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| Area V1 | |
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| Area V2 | |
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| Area V4 | |
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| Posterior Inferotemporal Cortex | |
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| Central and Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex | |
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| Attention, Learning, Memory, and Motor Signals | |
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| Area V1 | |
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| Area V4 | |
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| Central and Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex | |
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| Computational Principles | |
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| Area V1 | |
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| Area V2 | |
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| Area V4 | |
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| Central and Anterior Inferotemporal Cortex | |
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| Current Research in the Neurobiology of Form Vision | |
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| References | |
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| Visual Attention | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Other Resources | |
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| Vision before Attention | |
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| The Uses and Interpretation of Visual Search Experiments | |
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| Typical Conditions and Pitfalls in Visual Search Tasks | |
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| Texture Segmentation and Visual Search | |
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| Preattentive Features | |
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| The Preattentive Processing of Objects | |
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| Preattentive Summary | |
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| Vision with Attention | |
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| Attention Enables Other Visual Processes | |
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| How and What Does Attention Enable? | |
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| Vision after Attention | |
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| Repeated Search | |
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| Change Blindness | |
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| Vision without Attention | |
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| The Problem | |
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| How Unattended Can You Get? | |
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| All Inattention Is Not Created Equal | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |