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Introduction | |
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About the book | |
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References | |
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The Atomic Structure of Graphene and Its Few-layer Counterparts | |
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Graphene | |
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Bilayer, Trilayer and Few-layer Graphene | |
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Relationship of Graphene to Carbon Nanotubes | |
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Other Layered 2D Crystals | |
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Introduction | |
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Boron Nitride Nanosheets | |
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Transition Metal Dichalcogenides | |
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Transition Metal Oxides | |
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Silicene | |
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Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide | |
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Graphane and Fluorographene | |
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Nanostructured Graphene | |
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Introduction | |
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Patterning Graphene via Lithography | |
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Sonochemical Cutting of Graphene | |
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Crystallographically Selective Structuring of Graphene Through Anisotropic Etching | |
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Graphene Nanoribbon Formation by 'Unzipping' Carbon Nanotubes | |
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Bottom-up Fabrication of Graphene Nanostructures | |
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References | |
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Properties of Graphene | |
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Electronic Properties | |
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Introduction | |
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The Band Structure of Graphene | |
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Transport Experiments in Graphene | |
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References | |
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Chemical Properties of Graphene | |
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Introduction | |
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Covalent Functionalisation of Graphene | |
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Noncovalent Functionalisation of Graphene | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Electron Spin Properties of Graphene | |
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Introduction | |
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Spin and Magnetism in Graphite | |
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Magnetism and Spin in Graphene | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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The Mechanical Properties of Graphene | |
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Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength | |
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Adhesion, Tearing and Cracking of Graphene | |
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The Role of Defects and Structural Modification on the Mechanical Properties | |
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Graphene Derivatives | |
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Graphene-based Composites | |
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References | |
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The Thermal Properties of Graphene | |
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Thermal Conductivity | |
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References | |
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Methods for Obtaining Graphene | |
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Mechanical Exfoliation | |
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Introduction to Mechanical Exfoliation | |
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Micromechanical Exfoliation | |
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Mechanical Cleavage of Graphite | |
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Mechanical Milling of Graphite | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Chemical Exfoliation | |
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Introduction to Chemical Exfoliation | |
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Review of Chemical Exfoliation | |
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Different Types of Graphite | |
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Different Types of Solvents | |
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Different Types of Sonication | |
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How to Characterise Chemically Exfoliated Graphene | |
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Other 2D Crystals | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Reduced Graphene Oxide | |
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Graphene Oxide | |
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Chemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide | |
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Heat Treatment of Graphene Oxide | |
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Electrochemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Bottom-up Synthesis of Graphene from Molecular Precursors | |
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Introduction | |
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Solution-based approaches | |
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Solubilisation Strategies | |
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Solvothermal Synthesis and sonication | |
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Chemothermal-based Approaches | |
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Self-assembly of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets | |
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References | |
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Chemical Vapour Deposition Using Catalytic Metals | |
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Introduction | |
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CVD Basics | |
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Substrate Selection | |
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Substrate Pretreatment | |
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Graphene Over Ni and Cu | |
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Early Growth | |
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The Role of Hydrogen in The CVD Reaction | |
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Graphene-other Metals and Alloys | |
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Segregation routes | |
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References | |
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CVD Synthesis of Graphene Over Nonmetals | |
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Introduction | |
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Aspects to Consider with Nonmetal Catalysts | |
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Non-metals as Catalysts for CVD-grown Graphene | |
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Metal-assisted Routes | |
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Non-metals as Catalysts for Carbon Nanowall Fabrication (vertical graphene) | |
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The Basics of Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition | |
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Nanowall or Nanosheet Synthesis | |
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Substrate-free PECVD Synthesis of Graphene Sheets | |
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Graphene Formation from Solid-carbon Sources on Surfaces | |
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References | |
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Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on SiC | |
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Introduction | |
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Reaction Protocol | |
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Nucleation and Growth | |
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Epitaxial Graphene on the SiC (0001) Face | |
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Face-to-Face Growth | |
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Laser-induced Growth of Epitaxial Graphene | |
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Epitaxial Graphene on the SiC (0001) Face | |
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Graphene Growth by Molecular Beam Epitaxy of SiC | |
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Graphene Synthesis on Cubic SiC/Si Wafers | |
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Graphene From the Carbothermal Reduction of SiO<sub>x</sub> | |
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SiC/Metal Hybrid Systems for Graphene Formation | |
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References | |
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Transfer to Arbitrary Substrates | |
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Introduction | |
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Transfer of Mechanically Exfoliated Graphene to Arbitrary Substrates | |
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Transfer of CVD-grown Graphene on Metals to Arbitrary Substrates | |
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Transfer of Graphene Grown on SiC | |
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Towards a Universal Transfer Route for Graphene Grown on Arbitrary Substrates | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Characterisation Techniques | |
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Optical Microscopy | |
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References | |
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Raman Spectroscopy | |
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Introduction | |
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References | |
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Scanning Electron Microscopy | |
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References | |
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Transmission Electron Microscopy | |
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Introduction | |
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Atomic Resolution Imaging (TEM/STEM) and Atomic Scale Spectroscopy (EELS) | |
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Surface Contamination | |
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Determining the Number of Layers Through (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy | |
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Characterisation of Defects in Graphene | |
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Characterisation of Graphene Edges | |
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In-situ Manipulation of Graphene in a TEM | |
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References | |
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Electron Diffraction | |
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Introduction | |
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Determining the Number of Layers Using Electron Diffraction | |
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Determining the Graphene Topography | |
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Determination of Stacking Order and Identification of Rotational Stacking Faults | |
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Low-energy Electron Diffraction | |
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References | |
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Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy | |
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Introduction to Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy | |
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STM Studies of Graphite | |
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STM of Graphene on Metals | |
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STM of Graphene on Insulators | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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AFM as a Tool for Graphene | |
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Introduction | |
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Graphene on Different Surfaces | |
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AFM Studies on GO | |
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AFM as a Tool to Investigate and Engineer Physical Properties | |
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References | |
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Hall Mobility and Field-effect Mobility | |
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Introduction to the Hall Effect | |
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Measurement of the Hall Mobility on Graphene Samples | |
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Measurement of the Field-effect Mobility in Graphene | |
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Maximising Mobility | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Applications of Graphene | |
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Electronic Devices | |
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Introduction | |
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Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) | |
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The Graphene MOSFET | |
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Opening a Band Gap | |
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Strain Engineering a Band Gap | |
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Field Induced Band Gap in Bilayer Graphene | |
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Graphene Nanoribbons | |
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Further Techniques | |
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The Optimisation of Mobility | |
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Deposition of a High-� Gate Dielectric and Low-Resistance Metal Contacts | |
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The Viability of Graphene in CMOS | |
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Radio-Frequency (RF) Electronics | |
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Novel Field Effect Transistor Designs | |
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Gas Sensors | |
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Metrology and the Definition of the Ohm | |
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References | |
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Spintronics | |
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Introduction | |
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Magnetoresistance using Carbon Nanotubes | |
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Magnetoresistance using Graphene | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Transparent Conducting Electrodes | |
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References | |
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Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) using Graphene | |
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Actuation, Detection and Quality Factor of NEMS | |
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Graphene Electromechanical Resonators | |
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References | |
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Freestanding Graphene Membrances | |
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Free-Standing Graphene as the Ultimate Microscope Slide | |
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Graphene as a Template for Catalyst-Free Graphene Fabrication by Electrons | |
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Free-Standing Graphene as a Subnanometer Trans-Electrode Membrane | |
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Permeability of Free-Standing Graphene | |
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References | |
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Graphene-Based Energy Application | |
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Graphene-Based Materials in Supercapacitors | |
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Graphene in Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) | |
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Graphene-Based Pseudo Capacitors | |
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Graphene-Based Materials in Lithium Ion Batteries | |
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Graphene-Based Materials in Fuel Cells | |
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Graphene-Based Materials in Solar Cells | |
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References | |
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Superstrong Graphene Composites | |
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Graphene-Based Composites | |
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Ex Situ Polymerisation | |
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In Situ Polymerization | |
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References | |
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Index | |