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Contributors | |
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Preface | |
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Vitamin D Regulation of Immune Function | |
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Introduction | |
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1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D Production in Cells of the Immune System: Comparisons to Renal Production | |
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Role of Vitamin D in the Adaptive Immune Response (Fig. 1.2) | |
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Clinical Implications of the Inhibition of the Adaptive Immune Response | |
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Role of Vitamin D in the Innate Immune Response (Fig. 1.3) | |
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Conclusion | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D and Innate and Adaptive Immunity | |
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Introduction | |
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Antibacterial Actions of Vitamin D | |
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Vitamin D and Antigen Presentation | |
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Vitamin D and Adaptive Immunity | |
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Vitamin D, the Immune System and Human Health | |
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Conclusions and Future Directions | |
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References | |
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Dendritic Cells Modified by Vitamin D: Future immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases | |
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Introduction | |
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DCs and Their Role in the Immune System | |
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Vitamin D Metabolism in DCs | |
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Modulation of DC Function by VDR | |
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Application of VD<sub>3</sub>-Modulated DCs in Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases | |
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Toward Development of Clinically Applicable VD<sub>3</sub>-DCs | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Retinoic Acid, Immunity, and Inflammation | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Vitamin A Metabolism and Function | |
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RA in Regulation of Myeloid Cell Development | |
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RA and Effector T Cells | |
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RA and Regulatory T Cells | |
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RA in Regulation of Antibody Responses | |
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RA and Tissue Inflammation | |
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Conclusions and Remaining Issues | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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References | |
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Vitamin A and Retinoic Acid in the Regulation of B-Cell Development and Antibody Production | |
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Introduction | |
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The Vitamin A-Retinoic Acid Signaling System | |
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RA as a Factor in B-Cell Maturation, Activation, and Proliferation | |
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Transcription Factors, CSR, and B-Cell Differentiation Toward the PC Phenotype | |
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RA as a Factor in Germinal Center Formation | |
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References | |
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Retinoic Acid Production by Intestinal Dendritic Cells | |
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Introduction | |
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Backgrounds and General Effects of Vitamin A on Host Defense Systems | |
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Regulation of Gut-Specific Homing of Lymphocytes by Dendritic Cells | |
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Imprinting of Gut-Homing Specificity on Lymphocytes by Retinoic Acid | |
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Regulation of Functional Differentiation of Lymphocytes by Retinoic Acid-Producing Dendritic Cells | |
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Identification of Retinoic Acid-Producing Dendritic Cells | |
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The Origin of Retinoic Acid-Producing Dendritic Cells | |
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Induction of Retinoic Acid-Producing Capacity in Dendritic Cells | |
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Degradation of Retinoic Acid In Vivo and In Vitro | |
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Conclusions and Future Directions | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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References | |
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Immune Regulator Vitamin A and T Cell Death | |
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Introduction | |
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Mechanism of Action of Vitamin A | |
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Cell Death Pathways | |
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Forms of T Cell Death | |
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Regulation of Thymocyte Cell Death by Vitamin A | |
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Regulation of Mature T Cell Death by Vitamin A | |
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Concluding Discussion and Future Perspectives | |
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References | |
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Vitamin E and Immunity | |
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Introduction | |
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Definition and Structures of Vitamin E | |
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Vitamin E Deficiency | |
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Vitamin E Requirements and Reference Ranges | |
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin E | |
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Immunological Use of Vitamin E in Humans | |
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Immunological Use of Vitamin E in Animals | |
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Conclusions and Future Aspects | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D Effects on Lung Immunity and Respiratory Diseases | |
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Introduction | |
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Lung Immune Functions | |
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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D is Generated Locally in the Lungs | |
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Vitamin D and Lung Infections | |
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Vitamin D and Obstructive Lung Diseases | |
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Conclusions and Future Directions | |
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Acknowledgment | |
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References | |
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Maternal Vitamin D During Pregnancy and Its Relation to Immune-Mediated Diseases in the Offspring | |
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Introduction | |
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Vitamin D | |
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Vitamin D Status During Pregnancy | |
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Dietary Guidelines and Maternal Vitamin D Intake | |
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Maternal Vitamin D During Pregnancy and Disease Outcomes in the Offspring | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D Deficiency and Connective Tissue Disease | |
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Introduction | |
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The Immune-Regulative Role of Vitamin D | |
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Effect of Vitamin D on Innate Immunity | |
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Modulation of Adaptive Immunity | |
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Lymphocytes as Direct Targets for 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub> | |
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Low Level of Vitamin D and Autoimmune Diseases | |
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Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency in Autoimmune Diseases | |
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Vitamin D and Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease | |
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Vitamin D and Systemic Sclerosis | |
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Vitamin D and Sj�gren's Syndrome | |
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Vitamin D and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | |
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Vitamin D and Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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References | |
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Key Roles of Vitamins A, C, and E in Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>-Induced Oxidative Stress | |
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Aflatoxins and AFB<sub>1</sub> | |
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Molecular Mechanisms of AFB<sub>1</sub> Toxicity | |
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Inhibition of AFB<sub>1</sub>-Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity | |
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Interaction Between Dietary Factors and AFB<sub>1</sub> Toxicity | |
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Vitamin A | |
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Vitamin C | |
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Vitamin E | |
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Conclusion and Future Remarks | |
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Acknowledgment | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor, and Cathelicidin in the Treatment of Tuberculosis | |
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Introduction | |
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Vitamin D Metabolism | |
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Immunomodulatory Role of Vitamin D | |
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Cathelicidin and Vitamin D | |
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Vitamin D Receptor | |
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Tuberculosis | |
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Vitamin D and Treatment of TB | |
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Conclusion | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D Endocrine System and the Immune Response in Rheumatic Diseases | |
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Introduction | |
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Function and Biochemical Measures of Vitamin D | |
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Vitamin D and Autoimmunity | |
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SLE and Other Systemic Autoimmune Diseases | |
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Vitamin D and Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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Vitamin D and Psoriasis/Psoriatic Arthritis | |
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Vitamin D and Overlap Syndromes | |
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Vitamin D Supplementation and VDR Agonists in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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L-Carnitine and Intestinal Inflammation | |
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L-Carnitine | |
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Intestinal Inflammation | |
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L-Carnitine and Intestinal Inflammation | |
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Conclusions and Future Directions | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | |
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Introduction | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D Deficiency and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Vicious Circle | |
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Introduction | |
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Prevalence and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency in COPD | |
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COPD and Osteoporosis: Role for Vitamin D | |
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Airway and Systemic Inflammation in COPD: Link with Vitamin D Pathway | |
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Conclusion | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D as a T-cell Modulator in Multiple Sclerosis | |
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Introduction | |
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Multiple Sclerosis | |
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Vitamin D | |
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Vitamin D and T-cell Regulation in MS | |
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Concluding Remarks | |
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References | |
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Vitamin D in Solid Organ Transplantation with Special Emphasis on Kidney Transplantation | |
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Vitamin D | |
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Vitamin D and the immune System | |
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Vitamin D in Kidney Transplant Recipients | |
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Vitamin D in Other Transplant Recipients | |
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Conclusion and Future Directions | |
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References | |
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Index | |