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| Preface | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some Wave Mechanics | |
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| Waves, Harmonics, and Modes | |
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| Frames of Reference | |
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| Wave Scales | |
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| Wave Phase and Wave Speed | |
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| Group Velocity | |
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| Wave Dispersion | |
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| The Buoyant Force | |
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| The Boussinesq Approximation | |
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| The Linear Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Taylor-Goldstein Equation | |
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| A Simple Solution | |
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| No Background Wind Speed | |
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| Constant Background Wind Speed | |
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| The WKB or "Slowly Varying" Method | |
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| Energetics | |
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| Wave Energy | |
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| Wave-Activity Conservation Laws | |
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| Wave Action | |
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| Pseudo-Energy and Pseudo-Momentum | |
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| Mountain Waves | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Uniform Flow Over a Surface Corrugation | |
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| The Two-Dimensional Mountain | |
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| The Three-Dimensional Mountain | |
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| Nonorographic Gravity Waves | |
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| Ducted Gravity Waves | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Wave Reflection and Refraction at an Elevated Layer | |
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| Wave Trapping, Energy Flux, and Wave Resonance | |
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| Reflection at the Ground Surface | |
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| Wave Ducts | |
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| The Pure Temperature Duct | |
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| The Pure Wind Duct | |
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| Wind Spirals and Ducts | |
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| Mountain Lee Waves | |
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| Gravity Wave Instability and Turbulence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Parcel Exchange Analysis of Flow Stability | |
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| Wave Instability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability | |
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| Tim Stability of Shear Flows | |
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| Inflection Point Instability | |
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| Instability of Stratified Shear Flows | |
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| The Critical Level | |
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| Neutral, Stable, and Unstable Modes | |
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| Wave-Modulated Richardson Number | |
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| Wave-Turbulence Coupling | |
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| Jefferys' Roll-Wave Instability Mechanism | |
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| Wave Stress | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mathematical Derivation | |
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| Variation of Wave Stress with Height | |
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| Mountain Wave Stress | |
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| Wave Stress Over a Surface Corrugation | |
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| Wave Stress Over an Isolated Two-Dimensional Mountain | |
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| Wave Stress Over Three-Dimensional Objects | |
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| Secondary Effects of Wave Drag | |
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| Direction Forcing | |
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| Lee Wave Drag Over a Two-Dimensional Mountain | |
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| Momentum Flux Due to Mountain Lee Waves | |
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| Gravity Waves in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Interia-Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere | |
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| Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere | |
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| Rossby Wave | |
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| Tropical Atmosphere | |
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| Vertically Propagating Rossby-Gravity Waves | |
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| The Kelvin Wave | |
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| Midlatitude Wave Spectra | |
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| High-Frequency Waves: � >> f | |
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| Mid-Frequency Waves: f >> � >> N | |
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| Low-Frequency Range: � ∼ f | |
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| Modeling the Gravity Wave Fluxes in the MUA | |
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| Hydrodynamic Models | |
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| Ray Tracing | |
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| Wave Stress Parameterization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Wave Breaking, Wave Saturation, and Eddy Diffusivity | |
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| Wave Breaking Heights | |
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| Wave-Saturation Parameterization | |
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| Parameterization Methods | |
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| Sawyer Method | |
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| Lindzen-Holton Method | |
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| Tim Palmer Method | |
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| The McFarlane Method | |
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| The Schoeberl Method | |
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| The Terrain-Height Adjustment Scheme | |
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| Saturation Limits and Other Problems | |
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| Observations and Measurements of Gravity Waves | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ground-Based Measurements | |
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| Pressure | |
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| Static Pressure Ports | |
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| Noise Filtering | |
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| Sampling Arrays | |
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| Free-Balloon Soundings | |
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| Tethered Lifting Systems | |
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| Superpressure Balloons | |
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| Aircraft | |
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| Remote Measurements | |
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| Radar | |
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| Doppler Radar | |
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| FM-CW Radar | |
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| Sodar | |
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| Lidar | |
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| Airglow | |
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| Satellites and Global Positioning Systems | |
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| Photographic Analyses | |
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| Sounding Rocket | |
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| GPS Radio-Occultation Sounding | |
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| Microwave Limb Sounding | |
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| Gravity Wave Analyses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Analyses of Tropospheric Gravity Waves | |
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| Initial Steeps | |
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| Spectral Analysis | |
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| Wavelet Analysis | |
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| Band-Pass Filtering | |
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| Lag Analysis | |
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| Cross-Correlation Lag Analysis | |
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| Beamsteering | |
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| Beamsteering in the Slowness Domain | |
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| Beamsteering in the Frequency Domain | |
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| Array Response and Examples | |
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| Impedance | |
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| Analysis Results | |
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| Gravity Wave Analyses in the MUA | |
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| Wavelet Analysis | |
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| Hodograph Analysis | |
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| The Hydrostatic Atmosphere | |
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| The Hydrostatic Approximation | |
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| The Scale Height of the Isothermal Atmosphere | |
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| Adiabatic Lapse Rate | |
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| Potential Temperature | |
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| Boussinesq Relations | |
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| The Geostrophic Wind | |
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| The Critical Level | |
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| Convolution | |
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| The Eckman Wind Spiral | |
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| Numerical Methods | |
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| Mountain Waves | |
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| Ducted Gravity Waves | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |