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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Paleoclimatic Reconstruction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sources of Paleoclimatic Information | |
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| Levels of Paleoclimatic Analysis | |
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| Modeling in Paleoclimatic Research | |
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| Climate and Climatic Variation | |
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| The Nature of Climate and Climatic Variation | |
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| The Climate System | |
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| Feedback Mechanisms | |
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| Energy Balance of The Earth and Its Atmosphere | |
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| Timescales of Climatic Variation | |
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| Variations of The Earth's Orbital Parameters | |
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| Dating Methods I | |
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| Introduction and Overview | |
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| Radioisotopic Methods | |
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| Dating Methods II | |
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| Paleomagnetism | |
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| Dating Methods Involving Chemical Changes | |
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| Biological Dating Methods | |
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| Ice Cores | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stable Isotope Analysis | |
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| Dating Ice Cores | |
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| Paleoclimatic Reconstruction From Ice Cores | |
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| Marine Sediments and Corals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Paleoclimatic Information From Biological Material in Ocean Cores | |
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| Oxygen Isotope Studies of Calcareous Marine Fauna | |
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| Relative Abundance Studies | |
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| Paleotemperature Records From Alkenones | |
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| Dissolution of Deep-Sea Carbonates | |
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| Paleoclimatic Information From Inorganic Material in Ocean Cores | |
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| Coral Records of Past Climate | |
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| Thermohaline Circulation of The Oceans | |
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| Ocean Circulation Changes and Climate Over The Last Glacial-Interglacial Cycle | |
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| Changes in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: The Role of the Oceans | |
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| Orbital Forcing: Evidence From The Marine Record | |
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| Non-Marine Geological Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Loess | |
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| Periglacial Features | |
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| Snowlines and Glaciation Thresholds | |
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| Mountain Glacier Fluctuations | |
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| Lake-Level Fluctuations | |
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| Lake Sediments. Speleothems | |
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| Non-Marine Biological Evidence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Former Vegetation Distribution From Plant Macrofossils | |
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| Insects | |
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| Pollen Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Basis of Pollen Analysis | |
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| How Rapidly Does Vegetation Respond to Changes in Climate? | |
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| Pollen Analysis of A Site: The Pollen | |
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| Diagram | |
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| Mapping Vegetation Change: Isopolls and Isochrones | |
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| Quantitative Paleoclimatic Reconstructions Based on Pollen Analysis | |
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| Paleoclimatic Reconstruction From Long Quaternary Pollen Records | |
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| Dendroclimatology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamentals of Dendroclimatology | |
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| Dendroclimatic Reconstructions | |
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| Isotope Dendroclimatology | |
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| Documentary Data: Introduction | |
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| Historical Records and Their Interpretation | |
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| Regional Studies Based on Historical Records | |
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| Records Climate Forcing Factors | |
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| Paleoclimate Models Introduction | |
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| Types of Models | |
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| Sensitivity Experiments Using General Circulation Models | |
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| Model Simulations: 18ka B.P. to The Present | |
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| Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model Experiments of The Thermohaline Circulation | |
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| GCM Paleoclimate Simulations and The Paleo Record | |
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| Further Considerations on Radiocarbon Dating Calculation of Radiocarbon Age and Standardization Procedure | |
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| Fractionation Effects | |
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| World Wide Web-Based Resources in Paleoclimatology | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |