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| Editors' preface | |
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| List of contributors to the book and project | |
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| List of abbreviations and exchange rates | |
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| Introduction to research on Countryside Stewardship Policies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The STEWPOL-project | |
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| The European policy context | |
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| European environmental policies | |
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| Rural development policies | |
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| Agri-environmental policies | |
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| Product quality policies | |
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| The national context in the partner countries | |
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| Economic structure of agriculture in STEWPOL countries | |
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| Impact of agriculture on the environment | |
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| Land and soil degradation | |
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| Water resources | |
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| Impact on landscape and bio-diversity | |
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| Institutional framework for agri-environmental policies | |
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| Administrative structure | |
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| Implementation of Regulation 2078/92 | |
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| Outline of the book | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The economic nature of stewardship: complementarity and trade-offs with food and fibre production | |
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| The rationale of Countryside Stewardship Policies (CSPs) | |
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| What is Countryside Stewardship? | |
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| The Production Possibility Curve (PPC) between Food and Fibre (FandF), Environmental Recreational Goods and Services (ERGSs) and Environmental Recreational Bads and Dis-services (ERBDs) | |
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| Boundaries and reference points between ERGSs and ERBDs | |
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| Options and tools for implementing Countryside Stewardship Policies | |
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| Mandatory regulations | |
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| Financial-economic voluntary tools | |
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| Market creation | |
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| The survey of CSPs | |
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| Methodology | |
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| Objectives of CSPs | |
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| Rationale and attributes of CSPs | |
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| Administration | |
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| Target areas, uptake and average remuneration | |
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| Commodities and markets potentially affected by CSPs | |
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| Farm practices affected by CSPs: trade-offs between FandF, ERGSs and ERBDs | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Policy indicators and a typology of instruments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition and selection of criteria | |
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| General guidelines | |
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| Overview of criteria | |
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| Environmental effectiveness | |
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| Economic efficiency | |
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| Sustainability | |
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| Political acceptability | |
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| Analysis of criteria of special interest | |
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| Establishing a typology of the CSPs | |
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| Principles of the methodology | |
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| Factor selection | |
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| Graphic representation of the typology | |
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| Definition of homogeneous groups of CSPs | |
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| Representation of G1, G2 and G7 on the "output map" | |
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| Representation of G3, G4 and G5 on the "input map" | |
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| Representation of G6 on an "output-input" map | |
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| Concluding comments | |
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| The invisible costs of scheme implementation and administration | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Transactions costs and contracting in agri-environmental policy | |
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| Empirical administration cost estimations for agri-environmental schemes | |
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| Cost typologies and incidence | |
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| Methodology | |
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| Findings from the case studies | |
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| Discussion | |
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| General factors affecting administrative cost levels | |
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| Where does the burden of transactional costs fall? | |
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| What scope is there to reduce the administrative costs of agri-environmental schemes? | |
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| Scheme value for money | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Farmers' attitudes and uptake | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theoretical issues | |
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| Model for farm behaviour | |
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| Attitude measurement | |
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| Methodology and data collection | |
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| Pre-test | |
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| Questionnaire design | |
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| Data collection | |
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| Regression models | |
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| Hypotheses | |
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| Analysis of results | |
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| Some general results | |
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| Model explaining attitude | |
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| Model explaining participation | |
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| Summary and conclusions | |
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| Modelling regional production and income effects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The methodological approach | |
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| Choosing the policies to be investigated | |
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| Choosing the appropriate type of model | |
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| Positive mathematical programming | |
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| Case studies of 8 European regions | |
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| Oberosterreich--detailed modelling results for a European region that is a leader in CSPs | |
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| Geography and climate, agricultural production and CSPs | |
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| The structure of the regional agricultural sector model of Oberosterreich | |
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| Effects of CSP implemented in Oberosterreich | |
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| Effects on farm income and profiles, dual values and budgets | |
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| Cropping structure, structure of production methods and output effects | |
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| The effects of CSPs in the other study regions | |
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| CAP, Agenda 2000 and their relevance for CSPs | |
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| Estimating aggregate output effects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Classification of CSPs according to the instruments that are used | |
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| The role of property rights and direct payments | |
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| Methods to evaluate market effects | |
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| Results on the output consequences of CSPs from a farm survey | |
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| Quantiative output effects of countryside stewardship schemes | |
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| The method of equilibrium displacement models | |
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| The Austrian 'crop rotation scheme' | |
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| Parameters of the equilibrium displacement model | |
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| Quantitative results of the equilibrium displacement model | |
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| Summary and conclusions | |
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| Analysis of trade distortions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The relationship between agri-environmental policies and trade: theoretical considerations | |
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| General framework | |
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| Trade effects of agri-environmental policies: theoretical considerations | |
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| Evidence | |
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| The agri-environmental aspects of the Uruguay Round Agreement | |
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| Main elements and implications | |
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| Methodology for measuring trade distortion | |
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| Alternative approaches | |
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| The Producer Support Estimate (PSE) | |
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| The qualitative approach | |
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| Results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis | |
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| Quantitative analysis | |
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| Qualitative analysis | |
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| Comparative statistical analysis | |
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| Cluster analysis | |
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| Discussion and conclusions | |
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| Conclusions and policy recommendations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Main outcomes of the research | |
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| Policies | |
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| Farmers | |
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| Market effects | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Are countryside stewardship policies an efficient way to achieve countryside management objectives? | |
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| Improving the outcome of policies | |
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| Targeting of policies | |
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| Increasing uptake | |
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| Policy administration and mechanisms | |
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| The transaction costs of policies | |
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| Market and trade effects | |
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| Political acceptability | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Annexe: Overview of inventoried policies | |
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| Austria | |
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| Belgium | |
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| France | |
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| Germany | |
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| Greece | |
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| Italy | |
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| Sweden | |
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| United Kingdom | |
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| Index | |