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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| The Foundations of Communicating in Groups | |
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| The Small Groups in Everyone's Life | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| What Is Small Group Discussion? | |
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| Types of Small Groups | |
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| Activity Groups | |
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| Personal Growth Groups | |
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| Educational Groups | |
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| Problem-Solving Groups | |
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| Committees | |
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| Quality Control Circles | |
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| Self-Managed Work Groups | |
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| Top Management Teams (TMTs) | |
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| Ethical Behavior of Group Members | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Human Communication Processes in the Small Group Context | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| The Small Group Context | |
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| Small Group Communication | |
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| Principles of Communication | |
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| Listening and Responding During Discussions | |
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| Listening Preferences | |
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| Effective Listening in the Small Group | |
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| Computer-Mediated Communication and Face-to-Face Communication in Small Groups | |
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| Nonverbal Behavior in Small Group Communication | |
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| Types of Nonverbal Behaviors | |
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| Physical Appearance | |
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| Space and Seating | |
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| Eye Contact | |
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| Facial Expressions | |
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| Movements | |
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| Vocal Cues | |
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| Time Cues | |
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| Touch | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Small Group as a System | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| The Systems Perspective | |
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| Principles of a System | |
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| Variables of a System | |
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| A System and Its Environment | |
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| The Bona Fide Group Perspective | |
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| Bona Fide Virtual Groups | |
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| Communicating Across Boundaries | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Developing the Group | |
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| Diversity and the Effects of Culture | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| What Is Culture? | |
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| Cultural Characteristics That Affect Communication | |
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| Individualism-Collectivism | |
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| Power Distance | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance | |
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| Masculinity-Femininity | |
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| Low- and High-Context Communication | |
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| Communication Challenges Posed by Co-Cultures | |
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| Co-Cultural Differences Based on Race | |
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| Co-Cultural Differences Based on Sex | |
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| Co-Cultural Differences Based on Age | |
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| Co-Cultural Differences Based on Socioeconomic Class | |
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| Deep Diversity and Learning to Work Together | |
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| Challenges for Co-Cultural Group Members | |
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| Behaving Ethically in Intercultural Interactions | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Members and Their Roles | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| Group Size | |
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| Personal Traits | |
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| Communication Apprehension | |
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| Cognitive Complexity | |
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| Self-Monitoring | |
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| Preference for Procedural Order | |
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| Personality Characteristics | |
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| The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator� | |
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| Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience | |
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| Development of Group Roles | |
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| Formal Versus Informal Roles | |
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| Role Emergence | |
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| Classifying Group Roles | |
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| Task Functions | |
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| Maintenance (Relationship-Oriented) Functions | |
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| Self-Centered Functions | |
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| Role Management Across Groups | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Small Group Throughput Processes | |
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| Communication and Group Culture: Tensions, Fantasy, Socialization, Norms, and Climate | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| The Interplay Between Communication and Group Culture | |
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| Structuration Theory and Group Culture | |
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| Negotiating Task and Social Dimensions of Group Culture | |
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| Primary and Secondary Tension | |
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| Status Hierarchy | |
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| Fantasy Themes | |
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| Group Socialization of Members | |
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| Phases of Group Socialization | |
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| Development of Group Rules and Norms | |
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| Changing a Norm | |
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| Development of a Group's Climate | |
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| Cohesiveness | |
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| Building Cohesiveness in Virtual Teams | |
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| Supportiveness | |
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| Teambuilding | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Leading Small Groups: Theoretical Perspectives | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| Leadership and Leaders | |
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| Leadership | |
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| Sources of Influence (Power) | |
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| Leaders | |
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| Leadership Emergence | |
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| Personal Characteristics of Emergent Leaders | |
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| Leadership Emergence in Virtual Groups | |
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| Traditional Approaches to Leadership | |
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| Traits Approaches | |
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| Styles Approaches | |
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| Contemporary Approaches to Leadership | |
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| Functions Approach | |
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| Contingency Approaches | |
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| Fiedler's Contingency Model | |
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| Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Model | |
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| The Communicative Competencies Approach | |
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| Leadership Competencies in Virtual Groups | |
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| The Relationship Between Leaders and Followers | |
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| Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Model | |
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| Transformational Leadership | |
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| Distributed Leadership and the Leader as Completer | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Leading Small Groups: Practical Tips | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| Responsibilities and Techniques of Discussion Leaders and Chairs | |
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| Administrative Duties | |
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| Assembling the Group | |
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| Planning for Meetings | |
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| Following Up on Meetings | |
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| Liaison | |
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| Managing Written Communication for a Group | |
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| Administrative Duties for Virtual Groups | |
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| Leading Discussions | |
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| Opening Remarks | |
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| Regulating and Structuring Discussions | |
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| Equalizing Opportunity to Participate | |
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| Stimulating Creative Thinking | |
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| Stimulating Critical Thinking | |
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| Fostering Meeting-to-Meeting Improvement | |
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| Leading Discussions in Virtual Groups | |
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| Developing the Group | |
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| Helping Individuals Grow | |
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| Establishing and Maintaining Trust | |
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| Promoting Teamwork and Cooperation | |
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| Developing Virtual Groups | |
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| Ethical Principles for Group Leaders | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Improving Group Outputs | |
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| Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups: Theoretical Perspectives | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| Problem Solving and Decision Making | |
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| Group Versus Individual Problem Solving and Decision Making | |
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| Factors Affecting Quality of Group Outputs | |
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| The Need for Structure in Group Problem Solving | |
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| The Functional Perspective of Group Problem Solving and Decision Making | |
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| Starting Out Right: Addressing the Charge, Type of Question, and Criteria | |
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| Understanding the Charge and Area of Freedom | |
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| Understanding the Type of Questions to Be Addressed | |
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| Discussing Criteria for Evaluating Solutions | |
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| Understanding How the Group's Decision Will Be Made | |
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| Decision Making by the Leader | |
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| Decision Making by the Leader in Consultation with Members | |
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| Decision Making by Majority Vote | |
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| Decision Making by Consensus | |
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| Understanding Phasic Progression During Decision Making | |
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| Fisher's Model of Group Phases | |
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| Orientation | |
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| Conflict | |
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| Decision Emergence | |
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| Reinforcement | |
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| Promoting Critical Thinking | |
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| Evaluating Information | |
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| Distinguishing Between Facts and Inferences | |
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| Evaluating Survey and Statistical Data | |
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| Evaluating the Sources and Implications of Opinions | |
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| Evaluating Reasoning | |
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| Overgeneralizing | |
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| Ad Hominem Attacks | |
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| Suggesting Inappropriate Causal Relationships | |
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| False Dilemmas | |
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| Faulty Analogies | |
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| Evaluating Information and Reasoning from the World Wide Web | |
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| Accuracy | |
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| Authority | |
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| Audience | |
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| Purpose | |
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| Recency | |
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| Coverage | |
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| Understanding What Can Go Wrong During Decision Making | |
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| Hidden Profiles | |
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| Group Polarization | |
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| Groupthink | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups: Practical Tips and Techniques | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| Using Problem-Solving Guidelines | |
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| The Procedural Model of Problem Solving (P-MOPS) | |
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| The Single Question Format | |
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| The Ideal Solution Format | |
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| Using P-MOPS to Address Complex Problems | |
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| Step 1 of P-MOPS: Problem Description and Analysis | |
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| Identify Problems to Work On | |
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| Focus on the Problem | |
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| State the Problem Appropriately | |
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| Map the Problem | |
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| Step 2 of P-MOPS: Generating and Elaborating on Possible Solutions | |
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| Using Brainstorming to Discover Alternatives | |
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| Step 3 of P-MOPS: Evaluating Possible Solutions | |
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| Establish a Collaborative Climate for Evaluation | |
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| Establish Norms That Promote Critical Thinking | |
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| Step 4 of P-MOPS: Consensus Decision Making | |
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| Suggestions for Achieving Consensus | |
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| Second-Guess the Tentative Choice Before Fully Committing to It | |
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| Step 5 of P-MOPS: Implementing the Solution Chosen | |
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| Use PERT to Keep Track of Implementation Details | |
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| Tailoring P-MOPS to Fit a Specific Problem | |
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| Problem Characteristics | |
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| Using Technology to Help a Group's Problem Solving and Decision Making | |
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| General Tools | |
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| Computer Technology Designed for Group Problem Solving | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Managing Conflict in the Small Group | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| A Definition of Conflict | |
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| Positive and Negative Outcomes of Conflict | |
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| Benefits of Conflict | |
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| Negative Effects of Conflict | |
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| Expressing Disagreement in a Group | |
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| Types of Conflict | |
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| Task Conflict | |
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| Relationship Conflict | |
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| Process Conflict | |
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| Conflict over Inequity | |
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| Managing Conflict | |
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| Basic Approaches Toward Conflict Management | |
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| Conflict Management Styles and Tactics | |
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| Avoidance | |
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| Accommodation | |
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| Competition | |
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| Collaboration | |
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| Compromise | |
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| Expressing Disagreement Ethically | |
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| Cultural Factors in Conflict | |
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| Negotiating Principled Agreement | |
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| When Negotiation Fails: Alternative Procedures | |
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| Mediation by the Leader | |
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| Voting | |
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| Forcing | |
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| Third-Party Arbitration | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Group Observation and Evaluation Tools | |
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| Tools for Assessing and Evaluating Groups | |
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| Central Message | |
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| Study Objectives | |
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| Internal Assessment: Members Evaluate the Group | |
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| Self-Assessment | |
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| Member and Group Assessment | |
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| Calling for Outside Help: The Consultant | |
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| Practice First | |
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| Reminding | |
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| Teaching | |
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| Critiquing | |
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| Giving Feedback | |
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| Planning the Consultation | |
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| Ethical Principles for Consultants | |
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| More Instruments for Observing and Consulting | |
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| Verbal Interaction Analysis | |
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| Content Analysis | |
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| SYMLOG: Drawing a Snapshot of a Group | |
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| Questions for Review | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Notes | |
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| Preparing for Problem-Solving Discussions: Informational Resources for the Group | |
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| Review and Organize Your Present Stock of Information and Ideas | |
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| Gather Information You Need | |
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| Note Taking | |
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| Reading: Print and Electronic Sources | |
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| Direct Observation | |
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| Surveys | |
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| Individual and Group Interviews | |
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| Focus Group Interviews | |
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| Other Information Sources | |
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| Evaluate the Information and Ideas You Have Collected | |
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| Organize Your Information and Ideas | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Making Public Presentations of the Group's Output | |
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| The Planning Stage | |
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| Your Audience | |
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| Your Occasion | |
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| Your Purpose | |
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| Your Subject or Topic | |
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| Member Strengths and Fears | |
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| Logistics | |
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| Types of Group Oral Presentations | |
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| Panel Discussion | |
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| Preparing for Panel Discussions | |
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| Symposium | |
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| Forum Discussions | |
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| The Organizing Stage | |
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| Delegate Duties | |
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| Gather Verbal and Visual Materials | |
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| Verbal Materials | |
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| Visual Materials | |
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| Organize Materials and Your Presentation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Body | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Presenting Stage | |
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| Check Your Language | |
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| Practice Aloud | |
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| Be a Good Listener | |
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| Inviting Public Input Using a Buzz Group Session | |
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| Public Meetings | |
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| Notes | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Using Technology to Help Your Group | |
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| Keeping in Touch between Meetings | |
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| Collaborative Work on Documents and Projects | |
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| Comprehensive Group Management Systems | |
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| Real-time Meetings of Distributed Groups | |
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| Notes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Credits | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |