| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
New to This Edition | |
| |
| |
| |
Preliminaries | |
| |
| |
| |
Mathematical Induction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Binomial Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
Divisibility Theory in the Integers | |
| |
| |
| |
Early Number Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
The Division Algorithm | |
| |
| |
| |
The Greatest Common Divisor | |
| |
| |
| |
The Euclidean Algorithm | |
| |
| |
| |
The Diophantine Equation ax + by = c | |
| |
| |
| |
Primes and Their Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sieve of Eratosthenes | |
| |
| |
| |
The Goldbach Conjecture | |
| |
| |
| |
The Theory of Congruences | |
| |
| |
| |
Carl Friedrich Gauss | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Properties of Congruence | |
| |
| |
| |
Binary and Decimal Representations of Integers | |
| |
| |
| |
Linear Congruences and the Chinese Remainder Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
Fermat's Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
Pierre de Fermat | |
| |
| |
| |
Fermat's Little Theorem and Pseudoprimes | |
| |
| |
| |
Wilson's Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
The Fermat-Kraitchik Factorization Method | |
| |
| |
| |
Number-Theoretic Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sum and Number of Divisors | |
| |
| |
| |
The M�bius Inversion Formula | |
| |
| |
| |
The Greatest Integer Function | |
| |
| |
| |
An Application to the Calendar | |
| |
| |
| |
Euler's Generalization of Fermat's Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
Leonhard Euler | |
| |
| |
| |
Euler's Phi-Function | |
| |
| |
| |
Euler's Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Properties of the Phi-Function | |
| |
| |
| |
Primitive Roots and Indices | |
| |
| |
| |
The Order of an Integer Modulo n | |
| |
| |
| |
Primitive Roots for Primes | |
| |
| |
| |
Composite Numbers Having Primitive Roots | |
| |
| |
| |
The Theory of Indices | |
| |
| |
| |
The Quadratic Reciprocity Law | |
| |
| |
| |
Euler's Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Legendre Symbol and Its Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
Quadratic Reciprocity | |
| |
| |
| |
Quadratic Congruences with Composite Moduli | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Cryptography | |
| |
| |
| |
From Caesar Cipher to Public Key Cryptography | |
| |
| |
| |
The Knapsack Cryptosystem | |
| |
| |
| |
An Application of Primitive Roots to Cryptography | |
| |
| |
| |
Numbers of Special Form | |
| |
| |
| |
Marin Mersenne | |
| |
| |
| |
Perfect Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
Mersenne Primes and Amicable Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
Fermat Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
Certain Nonlinear Diophantine Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
The Equation x<sup>2</sup> + y<sup>2</sup> = z<sup>2</sup> | |
| |
| |
| |
Fermat's Last Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
Representation of Integers as Sums of Squares | |
| |
| |
| |
Joseph Louis Lagrange | |
| |
| |
| |
Sums of Two Squares | |
| |
| |
| |
Sums of More Than Two Squares | |
| |
| |
| |
Fibonacci Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
Fibonacci | |
| |
| |
| |
The Fibonacci Sequence | |
| |
| |
| |
Certain Identities Involving Fibonacci Numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
Continued Fractions | |
| |
| |
| |
Srinivasa Ramanujan | |
| |
| |
| |
Finite Continued Fractions | |
| |
| |
| |
Infinite Continued Fractions | |
| |
| |
| |
Farey Fractions | |
| |
| |
| |
Pell's Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Modern Developments | |
| |
| |
| |
Hardy, Dickson, and Erd�s | |
| |
| |
| |
Primality Testing and Factorization | |
| |
| |
| |
An Application to Factoring: Remote Coin Flipping | |
| |
| |
| |
The Prime Number Theorem and Zeta Function | |
| |
| |
Miscellaneous Problems | |
| |
| |
Appendixes | |
| |
| |
General References | |
| |
| |
Suggested Further Reading | |
| |
| |
Tables | |
| |
| |
Answers to Selected Problems | |
| |
| |
Index | |