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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction to Forensic Science | |
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| What Is Forensic Science? | |
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| Science in the Service of the Law | |
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| Value of Forensic Science | |
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| Corpus Delicti-Elements of a Crime | |
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| Support or Disprove Statements by Witnesses, Victims, or Suspects | |
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| Identify Substances or Materials | |
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| Identify Persons | |
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| Provide Investigative Leads | |
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| Establish Linkages or Exclusions | |
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| A Brief History of Forensic Science | |
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| Development of Forensic Science Laboratories and Professional Organizations | |
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| Nature of Science and the Scientific Method | |
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| Careful Observation | |
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| Make Logical Suppositions to Explain the Observations | |
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| Hypothesis Testing-Controlled Experiments | |
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| Refining the Hypothesis-Theories and Natural Laws | |
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| The Scientific Method and Its Applicability to Forensic Science and to Investigation | |
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| Forensic Science Specialties | |
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| Forensic Pathology | |
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| Forensic Entomology | |
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| Forensic Odontology | |
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| Forensic Anthropology | |
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| Forensic Toxicology | |
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| Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology | |
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| Forensic Engineering | |
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| Forensic Computer Science | |
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| Forensic/Investigative Technologies | |
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| Criminalistics | |
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| Elements of Forensic Evidence Analysis-The Types of Results Forensic Scientists Produce | |
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| Evidence Recognition | |
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| Classification (Identification) | |
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| Individualization | |
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| Reconstruction | |
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| Physical Evidence and the Legal System | |
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| How Physical Evidence Is Produced | |
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| Changes Induced at a Scene | |
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| Imprints or Indentations | |
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| Striations | |
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| Damage | |
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| Exchange of Material upon Contact | |
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| Deposits | |
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| Classification of Physical Evidence | |
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| Utilization of Physical Evidence | |
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| Provide Investigative Leads-Helping Develop MO and Leads from Databases | |
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| Establish Linkages or Exclusions | |
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| Corroboration-Credibility-Supporting or Disproving Statements | |
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| Identification of Persons | |
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| Identification of Substances or Materials | |
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| Establishing a Basis for a Crime and Criminal Prosecution-Corpus Delicti | |
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| The Physical Evidence Process | |
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| Recognition-Most Critical and Requires a Trained Observer | |
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| Documentation and Marking for Identification | |
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| Collection, Packaging, and Preservation | |
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| Laboratory Analysis | |
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| Reporting and Testimony | |
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| Origin of Legal Systems | |
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| The Criminal Justice System and Process | |
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| Scientific and Technical Evidence Admissibility and the Expert Witness | |
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| Crime Scene Procedures, Techniques, and Analysis | |
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| Crime Scene Processing and Analysis | |
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| Processing versus Analysis | |
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| Types of Scenes | |
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| Initial Actions and Scene Security | |
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| Steps in Scene Processing and Analysis | |
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| Scene Survey and Evidence Recognition | |
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| Scene Searches | |
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| Documentation | |
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| Evidence Collection and Preservation | |
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| Release of the Scene | |
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| Scene Survey and Evidence Recognition | |
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| Scene Searches | |
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| Documentation | |
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| Notes | |
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| Sketches | |
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| Photography | |
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| Video Recording | |
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| Duty to Preserve | |
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| Evidence Collection and Preservation | |
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| Collection Methods | |
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| Numbering and Evidence Description Methods | |
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| Packaging Options | |
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| Proper Controls and Comparison Standards | |
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| Laboratory Submission | |
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| Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstructions | |
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| Laboratory Analysis and Comparisons of Evidence | |
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| Medical Examiner's Reports in Death Cases | |
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| Reconstruction: Putting It All Together | |
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| Reconstruction versus Reenactment | |
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| Digital Evidence and Forensic Computer Science | |
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| Examination and Interpretation of Patterns for Reconstruction | |
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| Pattern Evidence: Reconstruction Patterns and Individualization Patterns | |
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| Most Reconstruction Patterns Are Crime Scene Patterns | |
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| Importance of Documentation of Reconstruction Patterns | |
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| Blood Spatter Patterns | |
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| Basis of Blood Pattern Interpretation | |
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| Velocity and Impact Angle | |
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| Various Blood Spatter Patterns | |
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| Factors Affecting Blood Patterns and Their Interpretation | |
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| Glass Fracture Patterns | |
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| Determining the Side of the Glass Where Force Was Applied | |
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| Determining the Order of Gunshots Fired Through Glass | |
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| Track and Trail Patterns | |
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| Tire and Skid Mark Patterns | |
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| Clothing and Article or Object Patterns | |
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| Gunshot Residue Patterns | |
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| Projectile Trajectory Patterns | |
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| Fire Burn Patterns | |
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| Modus Operandi Patterns and Profiling | |
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| Wound, Injury, and Damage Patterns | |
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| Physical Pattern Evidence and Technological Examinations | |
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| Examination of Physical Pattern Evidence | |
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| Classification/Types of Physical Patterns for Comparison | |
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| Physical Matches | |
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| Impression and Striation Mark | |
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| Shape and Form | |
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| General Principles in Physical Pattern Comparisons | |
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| The Process of Identification | |
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| Physical Matching | |
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| Exclusions, Inconclusives, and Insufficient Detail | |
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| Physical Pattern Comparisons and the Daubert Criteria | |
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| Impression and Striation Mark Comparisons | |
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| Impressions: Imprints and Indentations | |
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| Striations | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Impressions | |
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| Footwear, Tire, and Other Impressions | |
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| Clarification and Contrast Improvement Techniques | |
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| Weapon, Tool, and Object Marks | |
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| Shape and Form Comparisons | |
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| Other Patterns | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Fingerprints and Other Personal Identification Patterns | |
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| Fingerprints-An Old and Traditionally Valuable Type of Evidence | |
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| About Fingerprints-Their Nature and the History and Development of Their Use | |
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| Nature of Fingerprints | |
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| History and Development of the Use of Fingerprints | |
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| Fingerprint Classification, Management of Large Files, AFISs | |
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| Classification and Large Files | |
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| Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFISs) | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Fingerprint Evidence | |
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| Latent Prints and Their Development | |
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| Types of Evidentiary Fingerprints | |
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| Development of Latent Fingerprints | |
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| Fingerprint Comparison and Identification | |
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| The Fingerprint Identification Profession | |
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| Other Patterns for Person Identification | |
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| Palm and Sole Prints | |
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| Bite Marks | |
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| Skeletal Features | |
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| Lip and Ear Prints | |
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| Voice Identification | |
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| Biometrics | |
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| Identification of Human Remains-Handling of Mass Disasters | |
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| Questioned Document Examination | |
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| Types of Document Evidence | |
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| Development of Handwriting | |
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| Writing Process | |
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| Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of Document Evidence | |
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| Handwriting Comparison | |
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| Class and Individual Characteristics | |
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| Importance of Known Standards | |
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| Writing Mechanics | |
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| Handprinting | |
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| Legal Status of Underlying Science | |
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| Nonhandwriting Document Examinations | |
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| Typewriter and Printer Comparisons | |
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| Copying Machines | |
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| Reconstruction of Document Events | |
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| Alterations and Erasures | |
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| Charred Documents and Indented Writing | |
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| Age Determination | |
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| Toolmarks and Firearms | |
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| Toolmark-Definition | |
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| Class and Individual Characteristics | |
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| Residue from Softer Object on Tool | |
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| Types of Toolmarks | |
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| Collection of Toolmarks | |
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| Examination and Comparison of Toolmarks | |
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| Firearms Examination-Background | |
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| Firearms Function-the Firing Train | |
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| Types of Firearms | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence | |
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| Firearms Evidence Examination and Comparison | |
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| Physical Examination of Firearm for Safety and Physical Condition | |
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| Test for Functionality and to Obtain Control Bullets and Cases | |
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| Bullet and Cartridge or Shotshell Case Comparisons-the Comparison Microscope | |
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| Association of Cartridges or Bullets to Firearm or Maker Using Databases | |
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| Comparison of Badly Damaged Projectiles or Cases | |
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| Use of Firearms Evidence for Reconstruction | |
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| Recovered Firearm and Fired Evidence in Reconstruction | |
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| Muzzle to Target Distance-Powder Pattern | |
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| GSR on Hands-Dermal Nitrate, Lift, Swab, Tape | |
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| Serial Number Restoration | |
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| Serial Number Obliteration Methods-Defacing | |
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| Recovery of Serial Number-Clean, Smooth, Etch | |
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| The Firearms and Toolmark Examiner Profession | |
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| Biological Evidence | |
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| Blood and Physiological Fluid Evidence: Evaluation and Initial Examination | |
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| How Biological Evidence Analysis Has Changed Because of DNA Typing | |
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| Nature of Blood | |
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| Collection, Preservation, and Packaging of Biological (Including Blood) Evidence | |
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| Blood or Buccal Swab from Known Person | |
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| Biological Evidence from Scenes | |
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| Test Controls, Substratum Comparison Specimens, and Contamination Issues | |
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| Know (Exemplar or Reference) Controls | |
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| Alibi (Alternative) Known Control | |
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| Blank Control | |
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| Substratum Comparison Specimens | |
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| Initial Examination of and for Biological Evidence | |
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| Forensic Identification of Blood | |
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| Preliminary or Presumptive Tests for Blood | |
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| Confirmatory Tests for Blood | |
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| Species Determination | |
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| Forensic Identification of Body Fluids | |
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| Identification of Semen | |
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| Identification of Vaginal "Secretions," Saliva, and Urine | |
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| Forensic Investigation of Sexual Assault Cases | |
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| Coordination of Effort-SANEs and SARTs | |
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| Initial Investigation | |
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| The Forensic Scientist's Role | |
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| Medical Examination | |
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| Evidence Collection and Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kits | |
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| Types of Sexual Assault Cases and Their Investigation | |
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| Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault-"Date-Rape" Drugs | |
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| Blood and Body Fluid Individuality: Traditional (pre-DNA) Approaches | |
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| The Classical or Conventional (pre-DNA) Genetic Markers | |
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| How Does Typing Genetic Markers Help "Individualize" a Biological Specimen? | |
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| DNA Analysis and Typing | |
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| Genetics, Inheritance, Genetic Markers | |
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| DNA-Nature and Functions | |
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| Where DNA Is Found in the Body-Nuclear (Genomic) and Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Typing | |
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| Development and Methods of DNA Analysis | |
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| Isolation (Extraction) of DNA | |
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| The Beginning-RFLP | |
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| The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-The First PCR-Based DNA Typing Methods | |
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| Current DNA Typing Methods-Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) | |
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| The Power of DNA to Individualize Biological Evidence | |
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| Databasing and CODIS | |
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| Applications of Forensic DNA Typing | |
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| Newer DNA Technologies | |
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| Strengths, Limitations, Promise, Hype | |
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| Chemical and Materials Evidence | |
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| Arson and Explosives | |
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| Fire and Arson | |
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| The Combustion Reaction-Flaming Combustion and Glowing Combustion | |
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| Necessary Components for Combustion-Fuel, Oxygen, and Ignition | |
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| Nature of Fuels-Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid | |
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| Characteristics of Fuels-Measures of Combustibility | |
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| Investigating Suspicious Fires-Arsonists' Motives | |
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| Economic Motives | |
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| Revenge, Vandalism, Intimidation, and Other Motives | |
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| Investigation of Fire Scenes | |
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| Burn Patterns | |
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| Search for Point or Points of Origin | |
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| Search for Causes | |
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| Recovery of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Suspicious Fire Scenes | |
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| Reasons for Finding Accelerant Residues | |
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| Search for Places to Collect Debris-Sniffers and Arson Dogs | |
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| Collection of Debris Samples and Proper Packaging | |
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| Collection of Samples Other Than Debris | |
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| Collection of Other Physical Evidence | |
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| Laboratory Analysis of Debris and Other Samples-Recovery of Ignitable Liquid Residues | |
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| Preparation of Liquid Samples | |
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| Four Primary Techniques for Preparation of Debris Samples | |
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| Laboratory Examination of Prepared Samples | |
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| Examination of Criminalistics Evidence Collected | |
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| Explosives and Explosion Incidents | |
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| Characteristics of Explosives and Explosions | |
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| Exothermic | |
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| Molecular Fragmentation to Produce Gaseous Products | |
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| Rapid Expansion | |
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| Containment | |
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| The Three Major Classes of Explosives | |
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| Low Explosives | |
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| Primary High Explosives | |
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| Secondary High Explosives | |
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| The Explosive Train or Device | |
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| The Role of the Scene Investigator | |
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| Laboratory Analysis of Explosives and Explosive Residues | |
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| Examination of the Unexploded Device | |
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| Examination of the Exploded Device and Associated Debris | |
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| Examination of the Device or Debris for Other Physical Evidence | |
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| Drugs and Drug Analysis and Forensic Toxicology | |
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| Nature of Drugs and Drug Abuse | |
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| Working Definition of a Drug | |
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| Nature of Drug Dependence | |
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| Drugs and Society-Controlled Substances | |
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| Major Classes of Abused Drugs | |
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| Opiates or Narcotic Drugs | |
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| Stimulants | |
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| Hallucinogens | |
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| Depressants, Hypnotics, and Tranquilizers | |
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| Club Drugs | |
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| Athletic Performance Enhancers | |
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| Controlled Substance Laws | |
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| Analysis of Controlled Substances in the Forensic Laboratory | |
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| Screening Tests | |
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| Isolation and Separation | |
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| Microcrystal Tests | |
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| Chromatography (Separations) | |
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| Spectroscopy/Spectrometry | |
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| Qualitative versus Quantitative Analysis | |
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| Forensic Toxicology-Antimortem and Postmortem | |
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| Forensic Toxicology on Samples from the Living | |
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| Postmortem Toxicology | |
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| Classes of Poisons | |
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| Alcohol and Drugs and Driving | |
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| Driving While Impaired by Alcohol | |
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| Other Drugs and Driving | |
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| Materials Evidence | |
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| Introduction to Materials Evidence | |
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| Transfer Materials Evidence Is Used to Establish or Disprove Connections | |
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| Materials Evidence Can Be Transferred or Deposited | |
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| Clothing and Vehicles Are the Most Common Sources of Materials Evidence | |
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| Collection Methods for Materials Evidence | |
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| Collection Without Sampling | |
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| Use of Forceps-Always the First Approach in the Lab | |
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| Mechanical Dislocation-Shaking or Scraping of Surface Material | |
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| Tape Lifts-Sticky but Not Too Sticky | |
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| Laboratory Examination of Trace and Transfer Evidence | |
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| Initial Physical Examination-Stereomicroscope, Hand Lens Microscopy | |
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| Instrumental Comparison and Identification-Micro FTIR and SEM/EDX | |
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| Materials Evidence Comparisons-Individualization, Inclusion, and Exclusion | |
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| Some Common Types of Materials Evidence | |
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| Fibers | |
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| Biological Materials | |
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| Wood and Paper | |
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| Building Materials | |
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| Metallic Residues | |
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| Paint and Other Coatings | |
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| Cosmetics and Beauty Products | |
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| Soil and Dust | |
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| Discussion of Major Categories of Materials Evidence | |
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| Fibers | |
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| Human and Animal Hair | |
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| Paint | |
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| Glass | |
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| Soil | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Photo Credits | |
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| Index | |