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Preface | |
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Function and Structure of the Respiratory System | |
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Objectives | |
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Functions of the Respiratory System | |
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Structure of the Respiratory System | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Mechanics of Breathing | |
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Objectives | |
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Generation of a Pressure Difference Between Atmosphere and Alveoli | |
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Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Respiratory System | |
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Interaction of Lung and Chest Wall: The Static Pressure-Volume Curve | |
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Airways Resistance | |
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The Work of Breathing | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Alveolar Ventilation | |
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Objectives | |
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The Lung Volumes | |
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Measurement of the Lung Volumes | |
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Anatomic Dead Space and Alveolar Ventilation | |
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Measurement of Alveolar Ventilation | |
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Alveolar Ventilation and Alveolar Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels | |
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Regional Distribution of Alveolar Ventilation | |
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The Closing Volume | |
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The Effects of Aging | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Blood Flow to the Lung | |
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Objectives | |
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The Bronchial Circulation | |
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The Functional Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulation | |
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Pulmonary Vascular Resistance | |
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The Regional Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow: The Zones of the Lung | |
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Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction | |
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Pulmonary Edema | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships | |
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Objectives | |
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The Concept of Matching Ventilation and Perfusion | |
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Consequences of High and Low V/Q | |
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Testing for Nonuniform Distribution of Inspired Gas and Pulmonary Blood Flow | |
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Regional V/Q Differences and Their Consequences in the Lung | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Diffusion of Gases and Interpretation of Pulmonary Function Tests | |
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Objectives | |
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Fick's Law for Diffusion | |
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Limitations of Gas Transfer | |
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Diffusion of Oxygen | |
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Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide | |
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Measurement of Diffusing Capacity | |
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Interpretation of Pulmonary Function Tests | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood | |
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Objectives | |
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Transport of Oxygen by the Blood | |
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Hemoglobin and the Physiologic Implications of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve | |
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Influences on the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve | |
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Transport of Carbon Dioxide by the Blood | |
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The Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve | |
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The Bohr and Haldane Effects Explained | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Acid-Base Balance | |
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Objectives | |
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The Chemistry of Acids, Bases, and Buffers | |
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Buffer Systems of the Human Body | |
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Acidosis and Alkalosis | |
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Respiratory and Renal Compensatory Mechanisms | |
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Clinical Interpretation of Blood Gases and Acid-Base Status | |
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The Causes of Hypoxia | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Control of Breathing | |
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Objectives | |
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The Generation of Spontaneous Rhythmicity | |
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The Medullary Respiratory Center | |
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The Pontine Respiratory Groups | |
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Spinal Pathways | |
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Reflex Mechanisms of Respiratory Control | |
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Influences of Higher Centers | |
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The Response to Carbon Dioxide | |
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The Response to Hydrogen Ions | |
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The Response to Hypoxia | |
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The Response to Exercise | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung | |
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Objectives | |
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Pulmonary Defense Mechanisms | |
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Nonrespiratory Functions of the Pulmonary Circulation | |
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Metabolic Functions of the Lung | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Respiratory System Under Stress | |
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Objectives | |
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Exercise and the Respiratory System | |
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Altitude and Acclimatization | |
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Diving and the Respiratory System | |
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Sleep and the Respiratory System | |
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Key Concepts | |
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Clinical Problems | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Clinical Problem Answers | |
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Appendix | |
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Symbols Used in Respiratory Physiology | |
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The Laws Governing the Behavior of Gases | |
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Frequently Used Equations | |
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Table of Normal Respiratory and Circulatory Values | |
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General Suggested Readings | |
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Index | |