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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Importance of Blades in Steam Turbines | |
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| Brief Historical Perspective of Technological Development | |
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| Steam Turbine Design Process, Performance Estimation, and Determination of Blade Loads | |
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| Turbine Design Process | |
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| Introduction to Steam Turbine Thermodynamics | |
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| Velocity Diagrams | |
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| Euler's Equation | |
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| Impulse Turbine | |
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| Reaction Turbine | |
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| Application Requirements and Conditions of Service | |
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| Preliminary Turbine Design | |
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| Number of Stages | |
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| Airfoil Section Shape | |
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| Number of Blades | |
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| Blade Loading | |
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| Steady Loads | |
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| Unsteady Blade Loads | |
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| Turbine Blade Construction, Materials, and Manufacture | |
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| Airfoils | |
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| Impulse and Reaction Blades | |
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| Impulse | |
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| Reaction | |
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| Twisted-Tapered Airfoils | |
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| Roots | |
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| Circumferential or Tangential Dovetail Roots | |
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| Axial Roots | |
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| Pinned Roots | |
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| Shrouds and Auxiliary Dampers | |
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| Riveted Shrouds | |
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| Integral Shrouds | |
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| Z-Lock Shrouds | |
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| Auxiliary Shroud Dampers | |
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| Blade Materials | |
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| Stainless Steel | |
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| Titanium | |
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| Other Blade Materials | |
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| Material Forms | |
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| Manufacturing Processes | |
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| Erosion Protection-Condensing Stages | |
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| Bladed Disk Assembly Processes | |
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| Assembly of Bladed Disks with Circumferential Dovetail Roots | |
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| Bladed Disk Assembly-Axial Fir Tree Roots | |
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| Bladed Disk Assembly-Pinned Roots | |
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| Riveted Shroud Installation | |
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| Integral Shroud Installation | |
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| Inspection, Testing, and Quality Assurance | |
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| System of Stress and Damage Mechanisms | |
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| Stress-Strain Behavior of Metals | |
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| Engineering Stress-Strain Properties | |
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| True Stress-Strain Properties | |
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| Measure of Material's Engineering Energy Capacity | |
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| Stress Tensor and Strain Tensor | |
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| Stress at a Point and Stress Concentration | |
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| Three-Dimensional Expression for Stress at a Point | |
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| Principal Stresses and Direction Cosines | |
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| Deformation and Fracture Damage | |
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| Theories of Failure under Static Loads | |
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| Creep | |
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| Damage due to Cyclic Loading | |
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| Review of Fundamentals of Vibration | |
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| Discrete Systems | |
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| Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) System | |
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| Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) System | |
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| System with Equal Frequencies | |
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| Continuous Systems | |
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| Cantilever Beam | |
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| Circular Plate | |
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| Damping Concepts | |
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| Rheological Model | |
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| Factors Affecting Damping | |
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| Viscous Damping | |
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| Critical Damping | |
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| Proportional Damping | |
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| Frictional Damping and Z-Lock Shroud | |
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| Simple Estimation Method-Macromodel | |
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| Dynamic Consideration | |
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| Equivalent Viscous Damping | |
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| Macroslip and Microslip | |
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| Summary of Simple Analysis | |
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| Vibration Behavior of Bladed Disk System | |
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| Single Cantilevered Blade | |
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| Packet of Blades | |
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| Individual Disks | |
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| Analysis of a Bladed Disk System | |
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| Freestanding (Blades with or without a Shroud But Not Connected to One Another) | |
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| Packeted Bladed Disk | |
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| Completely Shrouded Design | |
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| Evaluation Concepts for Blade Resonant Vibration | |
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| Campbell Diagram | |
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| Interference Diagram (SAFE Diagram) | |
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| Work Done by an Applied Force | |
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| Interference Diagram When Harmonics of Excitation Are Larger Than One-Half of the Number of Blades | |
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| Effect of Temperature and Speed on Natural Frequencies | |
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| Effect on Natural Frequency due to Centrifugal Stiffening | |
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| Lacing Wire Construction | |
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| Determination of Effects of Number of Blades in a Packet | |
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| Quick Check for Requirement of a Lacing Wire Construction | |
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| Sizing and Positioning of a Lacing Wire | |
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| Check of Stress in the Hole in the Blade | |
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| Partial Admission Stage | |
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| Damped Free Vibration | |
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| Damped Forced Vibration | |
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| Effect of Mistuning of a Bladed Disk System on Vibration Response | |
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| Impure Mode Shapes (Packeted Bladed Disk) | |
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| Graphical Method | |
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| Mathematical Expression | |
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| Effect on Response | |
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| Reliability Evaluation for Blade Design | |
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| Loads, Stress, and Evaluation | |
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| Stress due to Centrifugal Load | |
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| Stress due to Steam Forces | |
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| Resonant Vibration | |
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| Blade Frequency Evaluation | |
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| Exciting Forces | |
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| Running Speed Harmonic Excitation | |
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| Nozzle Passing Frequency (NPF) Excitation | |
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| Partial Admission Excitation | |
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| Factor of Safety Calculation | |
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| Influence of Tolerance Stack Up in Root-Disk Attachment | |
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| Summary of Design Criteria | |
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| Checklist for Auditing a Blade Design | |
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| Life Assessment Aspects for Blade | |
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| Assessment of Useful Life of Blade in Presence of High Cycle Fatigue | |
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| Factor of Safety Concept for High Cycle Fatigue | |
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| Life Estimation | |
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| Process of Shot Peen and Laser Peen to Improve Fatigue Life | |
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| Basic Explanation for Increase in Fatigue Life | |
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| Residual Stress due to Shot Peen | |
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| Linear Approximation of Compressive Layer Profile | |
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| Exponential Approximation of Compressive Layer Profile | |
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| Combination of Applied and Residual Compressive Stress | |
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| Linear Approximation of Combined Stress | |
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| Exponential Approximation of Combined Stress | |
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| Mechanistic View of Improvement in Fatigue Life due to Shot Peen | |
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| Improvement during High Cycle Fatigue | |
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| Improvement during Low Cycle Fatigue-Zero Mean Stress | |
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| Process of Laser Peen | |
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| Estimation of Risk | |
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| Probabilistic Concept to Quantify Risk of a Proposed Design | |
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| Probabilistic Treatment of Factor of Safety Based on Goodman Equation | |
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| Transformation of Random Variables | |
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| Single Cantilever Beam | |
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| Probabilistic Low Cycle Fatigue Concept | |
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| Summary | |
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| Deterministic Reliability Estimation | |
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| Stress and Fatigue Analysis | |
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| Creep Analysis | |
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| Modal Analysis | |
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| Response Analysis | |
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| Goodman Factor of Safety Based on Above Analysis | |
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| Deterministic Life Estimation | |
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| Probabilistic Reliability Analysis | |
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| Probabilistic Goodman Analysis | |
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| Probabilistic Frequency Analysis | |
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| Probabilistic Life Estimation | |
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| Appendix: Fourier Series | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |