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| Contributors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Optofluidics? A Historical Perspective | |
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| Fluidic Advantages | |
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| Immiscible Fluid-Fluid Interfaces Are Smooth | |
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| Diffusion Can Create Controllable Blend of Optical Properties | |
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| Fluid Can Be an Excellent Transport Medium | |
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| Fluid Can Be an Excellent Buoyancy-Mediator | |
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| Optical Advantages | |
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| Numerous High-Sensitivity Optical Sensing Techniques Exist | |
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| Light Localization Can Occur at Biologically Interesting Scale | |
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| Light Can Manipulate Fluids and Objects Suspended in Fluids | |
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| Future | |
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| References | |
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| Basic Microfluidic and Soft Lithographic Techniques | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Background | |
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| Materials for Fabricating Microfluidic Devices | |
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| Mechanical Properties of PDMS | |
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| Surface Chemistry of PDMS | |
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| Optical Properties of PDMS | |
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| Fabrication of Microfluidic Systems in PDMS | |
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| Characteristics of Flow in Microchannels | |
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| Laminar Flow | |
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| Diffusion | |
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| Components Fabricated in PDMS | |
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| Inlets, Outlets, and Connecters | |
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| Valves and Pumps | |
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| Mixers | |
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| Local Heaters and Electromagnets | |
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| Bubble and Droplet Generator | |
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| Optical Components | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Optical Components Based on Dynamic Liquid-Liquid Interfaces | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Design and Construction of Liquid-Liquid Devices | |
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| Index of Refraction of Common Liquids | |
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| Dynamic Liquid-Liquid Interfaces in Microfluidic Systems | |
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| L<sup>2</sup> Interfaces Are Reconfigurable in Real Time | |
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| L<sup>2</sup> Interfaces Are Smooth | |
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| L<sup>2</sup> Interface between Miscible Liquids Is Diffuse | |
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| Liquid-Liquid Optical Devices | |
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| L<sup>2</sup> Waveguides | |
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| L<sup>2</sup>Lenses | |
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| L<sup>2</sup> Light Sources | |
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| Bubble Grating | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Optical Components | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Optofluidic Waveguides | |
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| Solid-Core/Liquid Clad Waveguide | |
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| Liquid-Core Waveguide | |
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| Hybrid-Core Waveguide | |
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| Optofluidic Components for Manipulation of Optical Signals | |
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| Optofluidic Filters | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Trapping and Transport Using Planar Photonic Devices | |
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| Extended Abstract | |
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| Optically Driven Microfluidics | |
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| A Brief Review of Traditional Transport Mechanisms in Microfluidic Devices | |
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| Optical Manipulation in Microfluidic Devices | |
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| Some Limitations of Traditional Optical Manipulation Systems | |
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| Near-Field Optical Manipulation | |
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| Optofluidic Transport | |
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| Qualitative Description of OptofluidicTransport | |
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| Why Is Optofluidic Transport Interesting? | |
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| Demonstrations of Optofluidic Transport | |
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| Optofluidic Transport within Solid-(and Liquid-)Core Waveguiding Device | |
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| A Detailed Example-Optofluidic Transport in PDMS Microfluidics Using SU-8 Waveguides | |
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| Theory of Optofluidic Transport | |
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| Overview and Recent Literature | |
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| Microscale Hydrodynamics and Particle Transport | |
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| Electromagnetic Forcesn a Particle | |
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| Solutions in Different Transport Regimes | |
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| Comments on the Influence of Brownian Motion and Trapping Stability | |
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| Optofluidic Chromatography | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Colloidal Photonic Crystals | |
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| Introduction to Colloidal Crystals | |
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| Colloids and Colloidal Photonic Crystals | |
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| Photonic Characteristics of Colloidal Photonic Crystals | |
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| Integration of Colloidal Photonic Crystals into Microfluidic Systems | |
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| Crystallization of Colloids in the Microfluidic Systems | |
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| Applications of Integrated Colloidal Photonic Crystals | |
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| Optofluidic Synthesis of Spherical Photonic Crystals | |
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| Direct Synthesis of Photonic Balls in the Solid State | |
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| Optofluidic Encapsulation of Crystalline Colloidal Arrays | |
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| Conclusions and Outlook | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Fibers: Properties and Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Optical Fibers | |
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| Optical Fiber Postprocessing | |
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| Optofluidics: History and Development | |
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| Fiber-Based Optofluidics | |
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| Grapefruit-Fiber Optofluidic Devices | |
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| Optofluidic Transverse Fiber Quasi-2-D Photonic Crystals | |
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| Optofluidic Transverse PCF | |
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| Dynamic Optofluidic Attenuator | |
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| Ultracompact Microfluidic Interferometer | |
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| Fluidic Photonic Bandgap Fiber | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Photonic Devices | |
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| Sensing | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Adaptive Optofluidic Devices | |
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| Switching and Beam Deflection | |
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| Switches Based on Total Internal Reflection | |
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| Grating-Based Switches | |
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| Deflectors and Beam Scanners | |
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| Membrane-Based Tunable Optofluidics | |
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| Mechanics of Pressure-Actuated Polymer | |
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| Adaptive Optofluidic Lenses | |
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| Composite Membrane Devices | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Bio-Inspired Fluidic Lenses for Imaging and Integrated Optics | |
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| Bio-Inspired Fluidic Lens: Structures and Operations | |
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| Graded-Index-Tunable Fluidic Lens | |
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| Curvature-Tunable Fluidic Lens | |
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| Fluidic Lens Fabrication | |
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| Lens Profile Analysis | |
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| Fluidic Lens for Imaging | |
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| Auto-Focusing Miniaturized Universal Imager | |
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| Fluidic Zoom Lens | |
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| Application Example: Surgical Camera | |
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| Summary | |
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| Bio-Inspired Intraocular Lens-Restoration of Human Vision | |
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| Optical Simulation of Eye Model | |
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| Experimental Results | |
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| Mechanical Modeling of Fluidic Intraocular Lens | |
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| Summary | |
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| Liquid Molding Technique-Prototyping of Aspherical Lenses | |
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| Tunable Liquid-Filled Molding Technology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Fluidic Lens for Lab-on-a-Chip and Micro-Total-Analysis Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Dye Lasers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Laser Basics | |
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| Dye Lasers | |
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| From Macro to Micro | |
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| Laser Resonators | |
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| Tunable Lasers | |
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| Dye Bleaching | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Microscope | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Operating Principle | |
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| Prototype Evaluations | |
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| Caenorhabditis elegans Imaging | |
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| Cell Imaging | |
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| Potential Applications | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Resonators | |
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| Optofluidic Resonators | |
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| Resonators | |
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| Fabrication Methods | |
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| Optofluidic Resonator Devices | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| High-Q Resonant Cavity Biosensors | |
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| Overview of Resonant Microcavities | |
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| Introduction to Optical Resonant Devices | |
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| Whispering Gallery Mode Devices | |
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| Biosensing with Optical Microcavities | |
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| Resonant Cavity-Detection Mechanisms | |
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| Optimization for Detection | |
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| Experimental Examples of Detection | |
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| Summary and Future Outlook | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Plasmonic Devices | |
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| Basic Properties of Surface Plasmon Polaritons | |
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| SPP Dispersion Relation at a Metal-Dielectric Interface | |
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| Optical Excitation of SPP | |
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| Fabrication of Optofluidic Plasmonic Chips | |
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| Deposition of the Metal Film | |
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| Lithographic Definition of the Nanohole Pattern | |
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| Etching | |
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| Fabrication of Microfluidic Channels | |
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| Experimental Observation of SPP Coupling, Propagation and Focusing, and SPP Mode Splitting | |
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| Observation of SPP Coupling | |
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| Time-Resolved Imaging of SPP Propagation | |
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| SPPFocusing | |
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| Degenerate Mode Splitting | |
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| Resonant SPP Sensors | |
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| Angular Interrogation Sensing Experiments | |
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| SPR Sensor with Wavelength Interrogation | |
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| Summary and Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Optical Manipulation and Applications in Optofluidics | |
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| Introduction to Optical Manipulation | |
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| Theoretical Considerations | |
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| Experimental Considerations for Single-Beam Optical Tweezers | |
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| The Counter-Propagating Beam Trap | |
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| Advanced Light Fields | |
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| Multiple Trapping Techniques | |
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| Bessel Light Modes | |
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| Laguerre-Gaussian Light Modes | |
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| Optical Manipulation for Optofludics | |
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| Optical Actuation, Microrheology, and Optically Trapped Sensors | |
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| Microfluidic Sorting | |
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| Optical Trapping in Near-Field Waveguides | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Chemical Analysis and Synthesis | |
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| Optofluidic Chemical Analysisand Synthesis | |
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| Flow Injection Analysis | |
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| Fluorescence-Based Analysis | |
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| Devices | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Optofluidic Maskless Lithography and Guided Self-Assembly | |
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| Optofluidic Maskless Lithography | |
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| Droplet-Based Fabrication of Microparticles | |
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| Patterned Microparticle Generation | |
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| Optofluidic Maskless Lithography (OFML) | |
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| Optofluidic-Guided Self-Assembly: Railed Microfluidics | |
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| Self-Assembly | |
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| Rail-Guided Fluidic Self-Assembly | |
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| References | |
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| Reconfigurable Photonic Crystal Circuits Using Microfluidics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| From the Infiltration of Photonic Crystals to the Concept of Reconfigurable Circuits | |
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| Optofluidics and Planar Photonic Crystals | |
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| Designing High-Q Cavities Using Air-Hole Infiltration | |
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| Model and Numerical Methods | |
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| Numerical Results | |
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| Discussion-Theory | |
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| Microfluidic PhC Components | |
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| Infiltration Method | |
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| Evanescent Coupling | |
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| Microfluidic Cavities | |
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| Conclusion and Outlook | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Micro and Nano Optofluidic Flow Manipulation | |
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| Introduction to Optofluidic FlowManipulation | |
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| Optical Manipulation of Liquid Surface Tension | |
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| Photochemical Control of Surface Tension | |
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| Optoelectronic Liquid Surface Wetting | |
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| Photothermal Fluidic Actuations | |
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| Fluidic Actuation via Photothermal Nanoparticles | |
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| Fluidic Actuation via Photothermal Nanocarpet | |
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| Optofluidic Particle Manipulation | |
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| Photothermophoretic Molecular Trapping | |
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| Optofluidic Dielectrophoretic Manipulation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |