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| Contributors | |
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| Introduction to Light Scattering Models | |
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| Classical Light Scattering Models | |
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| Introduction to Light Scattering | |
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| Structure and Organization of Biological Tissue | |
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| Basics of Light Scattering Theory | |
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| Approximate Solutions to Light Scattering | |
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| Review of Computational Light Scattering Codes | |
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| Mie Theory Calculators | |
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| T-Matrix Calculations | |
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| Discrete Dipole Approximation | |
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| Time-Domain Codes | |
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| Inverse Light Scattering Analysis | |
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| Nonuniqueness Problem | |
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| III-Conditioned Problem | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Light Scattering from Continuous Random Media | |
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| Introduction | |
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| 3D Continuous Random Media | |
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| Mean Differential Scattering Cross Section | |
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| Scattering Coefficient and Related Parameters | |
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| Simplifying Approximations | |
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| 2D Continuous Random Media | |
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| Mean Differential Scattering Cross Section | |
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| Scattering Coefficient and Related Parameters | |
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| 1D Continuous Random Media | |
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| Generation of Continuous Random Media Samples | |
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| References | |
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| Modeling of Light Scattering by Biological Tissues Via Computational Solution of Maxwell's Equations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview of FDTD Techniques for Maxwell's Equations | |
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| Advantages of FDTD Solution Techniques for Maxwell's Equations | |
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| Characteristics of the Yee-Algorithm FDTD Technique | |
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| FDTD Modeling Applications | |
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| Vertebrate Retinal Rod | |
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| Precancerous Cervical Cells | |
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| Validation of the Born Approximation in 2D Weakly Scattering Biological Random Media | |
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| Sensitivity of Backscattering Signatures to Nanometer-Scale Cellular Changes | |
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| Overview of Liu's Fourier-Basis PSTD Technique for Maxwell's Equations | |
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| PSTD Modeling Applications | |
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| Total Scattering Cross Section of a Round Cluster of 2D Dielectric Cylinders | |
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| Enhanced Backscattering of Light by a Large Rectangular Cluster of 2D Dielectric Cylinders | |
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| Optical Phase Conjugation for Turbidity Suppression | |
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| Multiple Light Scattering in 3D Random Media | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Microscopy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Theory | |
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| Physics of Data Acquisition | |
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| Compact Forward Model | |
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| Rigorous Forward Model | |
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| Inverse Scattering Procedure | |
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| Numerical Simulations for a Single Scatterer | |
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| Alternate Acquisition Geometries | |
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| Experimental Implementation and Validation | |
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| Phase Stability and Data Acquisition Requirements | |
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| Three-Dimensional ISAM of Tissue Phantoms | |
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| Cross-Validation of ISAM and OCT | |
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| ISAM Processing and Real-Time Implementation | |
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| Practical Limitations | |
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| Clinical and Biological Applications | |
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| Optical Biopsy | |
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| Surgical Guidance | |
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| Imaging Tumor Development | |
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| Conclusions and Future Directions | |
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| References | |
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| Application to In Vitro Cell Biology | |
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| Light Scattering as a Tool in Cell Biology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Light Scattering Assessments of Mitochondrial Morphology | |
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| Light Scattering Assessments of Lysosomal Morphology | |
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| Light Scattering Assessments of Nuclear Morphology | |
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| Light Scattering Assessments of General Subcellular Structure | |
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| Future Perspectives | |
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| References | |
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| Light Absorption and Scattering Spectroscopic Microscopies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Absorption and Scattering in Microscopic Applications | |
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| Physical Principles and Basic Parameters of Elastic Light Scattering | |
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| Light Scattering from Cells and Subcellular Structures | |
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| Confocal Light Absorption and Scattering Spectroscopic (CLASS) Microscopy | |
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| Applications of CLASS Microscopy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Assessing Bulk Tissue Properties from Scattering Measurements | |
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| Light Scattering in Confocal Reflectance Microscopy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Basic Idea | |
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| Theory Mapping (?, ?) to (?s, g) | |
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| Experimental Data | |
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| Basic Instrument | |
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| Monte Carlo Simulations | |
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| Current Ongoing Work | |
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| Literature Describing Confocal Reflectance Measurements | |
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| References | |
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| Tissue Ultrastructure Scattering with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Interpretation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Understanding Light Scattering Measurements in Tissue | |
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| Ex Vivo Measurements: Analysis of Scatter Signatures | |
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| Microsampling Reflectance Spectroscopy | |
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| Phase-Contrast Microscopy | |
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| Electron Microscopy: Understanding the Submicroscopic Source of Scatter | |
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| Diagnostic Imaging: Approaches for In Vivo Use | |
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| Therapeutic Imaging: Surgical Assist | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Dynamic Light Scattering Methods | |
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| Dynamic Light Scattering and Motility-Contrast Imaging of Living Tissue | |
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| Dynamic Light Scattering and Speckle | |
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| Single-Mode Scattering | |
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| Planar Scattering | |
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| Volumetric Scattering | |
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| Spatial Homodyne and Heterodyne | |
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| Dynamic Scattering | |
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| Holographic Optical Coherence Imaging | |
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| Fourier-Domain Holography | |
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| Digital Holography | |
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| Multicellular Tumor Spheroids | |
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| Biology in Three Dimensions | |
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| Holographic Optical Coherence Imaging of Tumor Spheroids | |
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| Subcellular Motility in Tissues | |
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| Motility-Contrast Imaging | |
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| Conclusions and Prospects | |
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| Acknowledgment | |
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| References | |
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| Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging of Blood Flow | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Single-Exposure Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging | |
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| Applications of LSCI to Brain Imaging | |
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| Methodological Details for Imaging CBF Using LSCI | |
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| Functional Brain Activation | |
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| Stroke | |
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| Multiexposure Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (MESI) | |
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| MESI Theory | |
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| MESI Instrument | |
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| MESI Measurements in Microfluidics Flow Phantoms | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| References | |
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| Clinical Applications | |
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| Elastic-Scattering Spectroscopy for Optical Biopsy: Probe Designs and Analytical Methods for Clinical Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fiberoptic Probe Designs | |
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| Single Optical Fiber Probes | |
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| Differential Pathlength Spectroscopy | |
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| Angled Probes | |
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| Probes Incorporating Full and Half-Ball Lenses | |
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| Side-Sensing Probes | |
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| Diffusing-Tip Probes | |
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| Polarized Probes | |
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| Models for the Reflectance Spectra | |
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| Methods for Analyzing Reflectance Spectra | |
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| A Quantitative Analytical Model Well-Suited to Superficial Tissues | |
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| Influence of Blood Vessel Radius | |
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| In Vivo Application in a Human Study | |
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| Influence of Probe Pressure | |
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| Influence of Probe Pressure on Normal Colon Mucosa: A Preliminary Clinical Study | |
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| Influence of Probe Pressure on Reflectance Measurements: A Quantitative Animal Study | |
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| Temporal Influence of Probe Pressure on Reflectance Measurements: An Animal Study | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Differential Pathlength Spectroscopy | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Main Properties and Features | |
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| Pathlength | |
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| Basic Mathematical Analysis of Spectra | |
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| DPS Measurements In Vivo | |
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| Main Features | |
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| Additional Spectral Features | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Clinical Measurements | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Angle-Resolved Low-Coherence Interferometry: Depth-Resolved Light Scattering for Detecting Neoplasia | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Early Implementations | |
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| Frequency-Domain Implementation | |
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| Portable System | |
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| Processing of a/LCI Signals | |
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| Data Processing for Phantoms | |
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| Data Processing for Cell Nuclei | |
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| Validation Studies | |
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| Polystyrene Microspheres | |
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| In Vitro Cell Studies | |
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| Tissue Studies | |
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| Animal Studies | |
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| Human Esophageal Epithelium | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| References | |
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| Enhanced Backscattering and Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering Spectroscopy | |
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| Principles of Enhanced Backscattering | |
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| Overview and Further Reading | |
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| Theory of EBS | |
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| Applications of EBS | |
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| Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering | |
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| Enhanced Backscattering of Partially Coherent Light | |
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| Observation of Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering | |
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| Characteristics of LEBS | |
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| Theory of LEBS in Tissue | |
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| Applications of Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering Spectroscopy | |
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| Colorectal Cancer | |
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| LEBS Detection of Early Cancerous Alterations in Colon Carcinogenesis | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |