Introduction | p. ix |
How to use this book | p. xi |
Glossary of grammatical terms | p. xiii |
The Welsh alphabet and pronunciation | p. 1 |
The Welsh alphabet and how to pronounce it | |
Accents | |
Stress | |
Double consonants | |
Mutations | p. 6 |
The soft mutation | |
The nasal mutation | |
The aspirate mutation | |
Aspirate h | |
Words that never mutate | |
The article | p. 15 |
a, an, some and any | |
The definite article and its uses | |
Nouns | p. 20 |
Gender: masculine and feminine words | |
Number: how to form plurals | |
Genitive noun phrases: belonging and ownership | |
Adjectives | p. 28 |
Position of adjectives | |
Plural forms and their uses | |
Feminine forms | |
Comparatives and superlatives | p. 34 |
Comparison of regular adjectives | |
Irregular adjectives | |
Adverbs | p. 40 |
Formation and types of adverbs | |
Byth and erioed | |
A selection of common adverbial phrases | |
Personal pronouns | p. 46 |
Independent pronouns: simple, reduplicated, conjunctive | |
Dependent pronouns: prefixed, auxiliary, infixed | |
Reflexive pronouns | |
Further pronouns and pronomalia | p. 54 |
Interrogative pronouns | |
Demonstrative pronouns | |
Some common pronomalia: a selection of words that act like pronouns | |
Noun clauses | p. 62 |
Formation of affirmative and negative noun clauses | |
Emphasis: mai / taw | |
noun clauses with efallai / hwyrach | |
Conjunctions | p. 69 |
Common conjunctions and their uses | |
Types of subordinate conjunctions: time, reason, purpose, contrast, result, conditional | |
Numerals | p. 77 |
Cardinal numbers: how to say and write them in Welsh | |
Ordinal numbers and their use in Welsh | |
Formation of multiplicative numbers | |
Time | p. 84 |
Days of the week | |
Months of the year | |
Seasons of the year | |
Special days | |
Dates | |
Number of years | |
Divisions of time | |
Expressions of time | |
Time of day | |
Measures and dimensions | p. 93 |
Arithmetical signs | |
Decimals | |
Fractions | |
Dimensions | |
Units of measure | |
Expressions of quantity | |
Geometrical terms | |
Solids | |
Other measurement language | |
Points of the compass | |
Prepositions: simple and compound | p. 100 |
Simple conjugating prepositions | |
Non-declinable simple prepositions | |
Compound prepositions: prepositions consisting of more than one element | |
Using prepositions | p. 107 |
Common prepositions and their usage in Welsh | |
The verb to be - present and perfect tenses | p. 120 |
Formation and usage of the present tense of bod | |
Formation and usage of the perfect tense | |
Use of the adjective newydd to mean just | |
The verb to be - future and past tenses | p. 129 |
Formation and usage of the future and past tense of bod | |
The verb to be - imperfect and pluperfect tenses | p. 137 |
Formation and usage of the imperfect tense | |
Formation and usage of the pluperfect | |
ar meaning about to | |
Regular verbs - present and future tenses | p. 143 |
Formation and usage of regular verbs in the short form present and future tenses | |
Use of gwneud as an auxiliary verb | |
Regular verbs - imperfect and past tenses | p. 150 |
Formation and usage of regular verbs in the short form imperfect | |
Formation and usage of regular verbs in the short form past tense | |
Irregular verbs | p. 157 |
Formation of the most common irregular verbs in Welsh: present, past, imperfect | |
Commands (imperatives) | p. 166 |
Affirmative commands | |
Negative commands | |
Polite commands | |
Relative clauses | p. 173 |
Relative forms of bod: sy, oedd, fyddai, fydd | |
Regular verbs and the relative clause: a | |
y and the relative clause | |
Piau | |
The passive | p. 182 |
Use of cael in a periphrastic construction | |
Impersonal verbal forms: present, past, imperfect, imperative | |
Defective verbs | p. 189 |
dylwn | |
meddaf | |
ebe | |
byw | |
marw | |
gorfod | |
gweddu | |
geni | |
The subjunctive | p. 197 |
The formulaic or present subjunctive | |
The conditional subjunctive | |
Use of bod wedi | |
The conditional subjunctive of bod | |
Conditional clauses: os, pe | |
Stems of common Welsh verb-nouns | p. 206 |
Full conjugations of mynd, cael, gwnead and dod | p. 208 |
Taking it further | p. 211 |
Key to exercises | p. 216 |
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