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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Ethernet: From LAN to the WAN | |
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| What Is Ethernet? | |
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| The Basic Ethernet Frame | |
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| Elements of a LAN | |
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| Ethernet - The Beginning | |
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| The CSMA/CD Ethernet | |
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| The Development of Ethernet | |
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| Other LAN Technologies: Token Bus, Token Ring, and FDDI | |
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| Domination in the Enterprise LAN | |
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| The Failed Challenge of ATM and IP in the LAN | |
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| Ethernet: Evolution Beyond the LAN | |
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| Networking Beyond the LAN: Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs) | |
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| Ethernet in the MAN/WAN | |
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| Benefits of Ethernet Beyond the LAN | |
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| Enterprises End Customer Benefits | |
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| Service Providers Benefits | |
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| The Current State of Ethernet Services Deployment | |
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| Barriers to Deployment of Ethernet Beyond the LAN | |
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| Economic Barriers | |
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| Operational and Technology Barriers | |
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| Overcoming The Barriers | |
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| References | |
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| Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Defining Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Carrier Ethernet: A Formal Definition | |
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| Carrier Ethernet: The Attributes | |
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| Enabling Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Standards Bodies | |
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| A Service Architecture for Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Defining Carrier Ethernet Services | |
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| Ethernet Service Attributes | |
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| Ethernet Service Types | |
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| Sample Commercial Offerings Using Carrier Ethernet Services | |
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| Carrier Ethernet: The Enablers | |
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| Standardized Services | |
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| Scalability | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Quality of Service | |
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| Standardized Management | |
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| Carrier Ethernet: Field Realities | |
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| Current Challenges in Delivering Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Recent Industry Response to Challenges | |
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| Intelligent Ethernet Demarcation | |
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| The MEF Certification Program | |
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| Other Carrier Ethernet requirements - One Service Provider's perspective | |
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| References | |
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| The Ethernet Market Opportunity | |
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| Ethernet Service Providers and Their Offerings | |
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| Carrier Plans for Ethernet | |
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| The Effect of Worldwide CAPEX Patterns on Ethernet Adoption | |
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| The Carrier Ethernet Equipment Market | |
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| Ethernet Runs on Many Technologies | |
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| Carrier Ethernet Switches and Routers | |
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| DSL | |
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| Metro Ethernet Manufacturer Revenue | |
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| Technologies and Trends | |
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| Solutions | |
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| The Solution Framework | |
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| Background | |
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| The Reference Model | |
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| The Landscape of Solutions | |
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| A Solution Framework | |
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| References | |
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| Copper | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| 2BASE-TL | |
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| 10PASS-TS | |
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| Spectral Compatibility and International Applications | |
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| Transporting Ethernet Packets over Copper | |
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| Multipair Aggregation | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| Ubiquity of IP | |
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| Economics of Ethernet | |
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| Cost and Complexity of Deploying Fiber | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit | |
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| Triple Play with 10PASS-TS | |
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| Riser Extensions with 10PASS-TS | |
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| Metro Ethernet Business Services with 2BASE-TL | |
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| Wireless and DSLAM Backhaul with 2BASE-TL | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit | |
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| Target Carriers | |
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| Optical End-Game | |
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| Mid-Band Ethernet's Dynamic Rate Adaptation | |
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| Limitations of 10PASS-TS | |
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| Limitations of 2BASE-TL | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| References | |
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| Hybrid Fiber-Coax | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| DOCSIS Standards | |
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| The Hybrid Fiber-Coax Cable Infrastructure | |
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| Cable Modems | |
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| Communications Protocols | |
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| Provisioning | |
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| Management | |
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| Security and Privacy | |
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| Bandwidth Efficiency | |
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| Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks | |
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| TOM Emulation | |
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| Carrier Ethernet Attributes | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit? | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| References | |
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| Passive Optical Networks (PONs) | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| Administration and Maintenance in EPONs | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit? | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Downstream Transmission in EPON Systems | |
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| Upstream Transmission | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Wavelength Upgrade | |
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| Raw Data-rate Upgrade | |
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| Mixed Upgrade Scenarios | |
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| Initial Stages of Development of 10G EPONs | |
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| Security Mechanisms for EPONs | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Overall Installation Cost per Subscriber | |
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| Cost of the CPE | |
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| EPON vs. Other PON Solutions | |
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| EPON vs. Alternate Architectures | |
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| Evolving Service Models and Revenue-Stream Replacement | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| References | |
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| Fiber and WDM | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| Advances in Optical Component Technologies | |
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| Optical Network Architectures | |
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| Optical Ethernet Interfaces | |
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| Optical Network Control | |
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| Network and Services Management | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit? | |
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| Ethernet Private Line (EPL) Services | |
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| Ethernet Private LAN Services (EPLAN) | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Benefits | |
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| Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Corporate Extension Scenarios | |
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| Storage Area Networks (SAN) Scenarios | |
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| Residential and Backhaul Scenarios | |
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| Point-of-Presence (PoP) Scenarios | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Advances in WDM Networking | |
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| Ethernet Interface Evolutions | |
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| New Control Protocol Frameworks | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| References | |
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| Optical Wireless Mesh Networks | |
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| Technology/Solution Description | |
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| The Technology | |
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| Understanding Link Margin and Atmospheric Effects | |
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| Wireless Mesh Networking Technology | |
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| Carrier-Class Ethernet with Optical Wireless Mesh | |
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| Applications | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit? | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Benefits | |
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| Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Deployment of Carrier Ethernet Services | |
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| Deployment of Wireless Access Network | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| Point-to-Point Optical Wireless (FSO) Vendors | |
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| Optical Wireless Mesh Vendors | |
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| References | |
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| Circuit Bonding | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| Access Network Issues | |
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| Circuit Bonding Technology | |
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| Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| The Need for a New Transport Solution | |
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| Circuit Bonding Standards Development | |
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| Networked Solutions | |
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| Future Applications for Circuit Bonding | |
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| Packet Network Benefits | |
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| Transmission Benefits | |
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| Where This Solution Fits? | |
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| Ethernet Transport Applications | |
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| Existing Ethernet Services | |
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| Transport Solution Using Circuit Bonding | |
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| Circuit Bonding Functions | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| 100 percent Ethernet Reach | |
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| Highly Efficient | |
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| Ability to Grow | |
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| Quality of Service and Protection | |
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| Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| SONET/MSPP | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| SONET Overview | |
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| EoS Overview | |
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| The Multi-Service Provisioning Platform (MSPP) | |
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| How Much Ethernet Is in an MSPP? | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit? | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Benefits | |
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| Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment/Scenarios | |
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| E-Line Service Delivery | |
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| Ethernet Access to Ethernet or IP Services | |
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| Dedicated EoS Networks | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Increasing EoS Integration | |
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| EoS Protocol Enhancements | |
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| Control Plane Enhancements | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| References | |
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| Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| Layer Model | |
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| Ring Structure | |
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| The RPR MAC Specification | |
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| The MAC Reference Model | |
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| Topology Discovery and Protection | |
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| Protection Hierarchy | |
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| Oam | |
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| Data Path | |
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| Frame Formats | |
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| Physical Interface | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| No Support for Ring Topologies | |
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| Slow and Non-deterministic Restoration | |
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| No Control of Delay and Delay Variation from Switch to Switch | |
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| No Fairness Control Mechanism | |
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| When Does this Solution Fit? | |
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| Restoration | |
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| QoS | |
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| Fairness | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | |
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| Applications Don't Require It | |
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| Existing SONET/SDH Transport | |
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| Over-provisioning Alternative | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| More Bandwidth | |
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| Lower Capex | |
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| Fiber Route Savings | |
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| Optical Port and Equipment Savings | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| Organizations Adopting RPR Solutions | |
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| References | |
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| Ethernet Bridging | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| Redundancy and Spanning Trees | |
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| In-band Signaling | |
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| Bridging versus Routing | |
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| Virtual LANs | |
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| VLAN and MAC Address Pruning | |
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| Priority | |
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| Provider Bridges - Q-in-Q | |
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| Provider Bridge Solutions and Challenges | |
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| Backbone Bridges - MAC-in-MAC | |
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| Using Spanning Tree Effectively | |
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| Spanning Tree Alternatives | |
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| Ethernet OAM and Connectivity Fault Management | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit? | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Ethernet Backbone Services | |
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| Sparse Wide Area Business Services | |
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| Metro Area Business Services | |
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| ISP Access Services | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| IEEE Project P802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging | |
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| ITU-T Protection Switching | |
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| Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering | |
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| Ietf Trill | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting this Solution | |
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| References | |
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| MPLS | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| Connectionless and Connection-Orientated Forwarding | |
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| MPLS Forwarding | |
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| MPLS Signalling | |
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| MPLS Protection | |
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| MPLS Scaling | |
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| MPLS QoS | |
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| MPLS Applications | |
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| Pseudowires | |
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| VPLS | |
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| How Ethernet over MPLS Meets the Carrier Ethernet Attributes | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| Ethernet Services over IP WANs | |
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| Scaling Metro Ethernet Deployments | |
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| Network Convergence | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit? | |
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| Inter-regional Support of Ethernet Services over Any L2 Transport | |
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| Ethernet Access to MPLS-based Metro Core Network | |
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| Metro Core for Ethernet over Multiple Access Networks | |
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| Multiple Services on One Network (Not Just Ethernet) | |
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| Inter-provider Handoffs Are Required | |
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| Large Numbers of Carrier-class Services Need to be Supported | |
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| Carriers Wish to Backhaul Residential Broadband Traffic | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | |
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| When Access Speed Is Equal to Trunk Speed | |
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| Deployment of a Small Number of Ethernet Services Where Alternative Infrastructure Is Available | |
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| To Extend LANs Across Regions | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Benefits of Ethernet over MPLS | |
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| Shortcomings of Ethernet over MPLS | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| MPLS in the Access | |
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| Triple Play Aggregation | |
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| Scaling Metro Ethernet | |
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| Business Ethernet Services | |
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| Ongoing Developments | |
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| Dynamic Multi-Segment Pseudowires | |
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| Solving the VPLS Ingress Replication Problem | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| WiMAX | |
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| Technology Description | |
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| Mac | |
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| Security | |
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| Phy | |
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| Smart Antenna Technology | |
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| WiMAX Mesh | |
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| Carrier Ethernet Services over WiMAX | |
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| Drivers for This Solution | |
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| When Does This Solution Fit? | |
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| Fiber Extension: Commercial Broadband Service | |
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| Backhaul for Cellular/WiFi Hotspot and Muni-Networks | |
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| Rural Broadband Services | |
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| Urban Fixed and Mobile Broadband Services | |
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| When Does This Solution Not Fit? | |
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| Benefits and Shortcomings | |
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| Technical Benefits | |
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| Nontechnical Benefits | |
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| Shortcomings | |
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| Typical Deployment Scenarios | |
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| Ongoing Development | |
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| Economic Assessment | |
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| Vendors Promoting This Solution | |
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| A Look into the Future | |
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| Evolution of Carrier Ethernet Solutions | |
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| Delivering Carrier Ethernet: A Summary of the Solutions | |
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| An Assessment of Carrier Ethernet Delivery Solutions | |
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| An Assessment Using Carrier Ethernet Attributes | |
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| How Service Providers are Employing Carrier Ethernet Solutions Today | |
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| Scenario 1 | |
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| Scenario 2 | |
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| Scenario 3 | |
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| Scenario 4 | |
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| Competitiveness in Delivering Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Key Conclusions on the Current State of Carrier Ethernet Solutions | |
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| A Look into the Future of Delivering Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Understanding the Future Demand for Carrier Ethernet | |
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| Conclusions on Carrier Ethernet Demand | |
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| Evolution of Solutions Delivering Carrier Ethernet | |
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| References | |
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| Final Thoughts | |
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| Index | |