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| Body fluid compartments and intravenous fluid replacement | |
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| Body fluid compartments | |
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| Intravenous solutions | |
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| General principles | |
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| Assessing extracellular fluid volume | |
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| Fluid resuscitation | |
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| Clinical examples of fluid resuscitation | |
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| Disorders of Na+ balance (edema, hypertension or hypotension) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Regulation of Na+ transport in kidney | |
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| Disorders associated with increased total body Na+ (ECF volume expansion) | |
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| Clinical manifestations of increased total body Na+ (ECF volume expansion) | |
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| General approach to the edematous patient | |
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| General treatment of the edematous patient | |
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| Clinical manifestations of decreased total body Na+ (ECF volume depletion) | |
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| General approach to the volume depleted patient | |
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| General Treatment of the Volume Depleted Patient | |
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| Disorders of water balance (hypo and hypernatremia) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hyponatremia | |
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| Etiology of hyponatremia | |
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| Signs and symptoms | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Hypernatremia | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Signs and symptoms | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Diuretics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sites of diuretic action in kidney | |
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| Diuretic resistance | |
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| Clinical conditions associated with diuretic resistance | |
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| Treatment of diuretic resistance | |
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| Disorders of K+ balance (hypo and hyperkalemia) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| K+ homeostasis | |
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| Role of K+ in the resting membrane potential | |
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| Cellular K+ distribution | |
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| K+ handling by the kidney | |
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| Factors controlling renal K+ excretion | |
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| Hypokalemia | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Increased cellular K+ uptake | |
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| Increased renal K+ losses | |
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| Approach to the patient | |
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| Clinical manifestations | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Hyperkalemia | |
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| Etiology | |
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| Approach to the patient | |
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| Clinical manifestations | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Metabolic Acidosis | |
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| Acid-Base Chemistry and Biology | |
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| The Bicarbonate Buffering System | |
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| Acid Excretion by the Kidney | |
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| Clinical Approach to the Patient with an Acid-Base Disorder | |
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| Pathophysiology, Compensation and Consequences | |
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| Use of the Serum and Urine Anion Gap in the Differential Diagnosis of Metabolic Acidosis | |
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| Differential Diagnosis of Metabolic Acidosis | |
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| Causes of Metabolic Acidosis | |
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| Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis | |
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| Metabolic Alkalosis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Maintenance of Metabolic Alkalosis | |
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| Clinical Features | |
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| Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Cl--Responsive and Cl--Resistant Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Respiratory and mixed acid-base disturbances | |
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| Respiratory Disturbances | |
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| Respiratory Acidosis | |
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| Respiratory Alkalosis | |
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| Mixed Disturbances | |
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| Disorders of Serum Calcium | |
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| Regulation | |
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| Hypercalcemia | |
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| Hypocalcemia | |
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| Disorders of Serum Phosphorus | |
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| Regulation | |
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| Hyperphosphatemia | |
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| Hypophosphatemia | |
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| Disorders of Serum Magnesium | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hypomagnesemia | |
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| Hypermagnesemia | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Clinical assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | |