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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lens Design Books | |
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| Reference Material | |
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| Specifications | |
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| Lens Design | |
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| Lens Design Program Features | |
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| About This Book | |
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| Automatic Lens Design: Managing the Lens Design Program | |
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| Optimization | |
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| The Merit Function | |
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| Local Minima | |
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| The Landscape Lens | |
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| Types of Merit Functions | |
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| Stagnation | |
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| Generalized Simulated Annealing | |
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| Considerations about Variables for Optimization | |
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| How to Increase the Speed or Field of a System and Avoid Ray Failure Problems | |
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| Test Plate Fits, Melt Fits, Thickness Fits, and Reverse Aberration Fits | |
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| Spectral Weighting | |
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| How to Get Started | |
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| Improving a Design | |
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| Lens Design Tip Sheet: Standard Improvement Techniques | |
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| Glass Changes: Index and V-value | |
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| Splitting Elements | |
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| Separating a Cemented Doublet | |
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| Compounding an Element | |
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| Vignetting and Its Uses | |
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| Eliminating a Weak Element-the Concentric Problem | |
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| Balancing Aberrations | |
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| The Symmetrical Principle | |
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| Aspheric Surfaces | |
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| Evaluation: How Good Is This Design? | |
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| The Uses of a Preliminary Evaluation | |
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| OPD versus Measures of Performance | |
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| Geometric Blur Spot Size versus Certain Aberrations | |
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| Interpreting MTF-The Modulation Transfer Function | |
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| Fabrication Considerations | |
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| Lens Design Data | |
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| About the Sample Lens Designs | |
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| Lens Prescriptions, Drawings, and Aberration Plots | |
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| Estimating the Potential of a Redesign | |
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| Scaling a Design, Its Aberrations, and Its Modulation Transfer Function | |
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| Notes on the Interpretation of Ray Intercept Plots | |
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| Various Evaluation Plots | |
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| Telescope Objectives | |
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| The Thin Airspaced Doublet | |
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| Merit Function for a Telescope Objective | |
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| The Design of an f/7 Cemented Doublet Telescope Objective | |
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| Spherochromatism | |
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| Zonal Spherical Aberration | |
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| Induced Aberrations | |
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| Three-Element Objectives | |
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| Secondary Spectrum (Apochromatic Systems) | |
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| The Design of an f/7 Apochromatic Triplet | |
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| The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design | |
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| A Final Note | |
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| Eyepieces and Magnifiers | |
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| Eyepieces | |
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| A Pair of Magnifier Designs | |
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| The Simple, Classical Eyepieces | |
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| Design Story of an Eyepiece for a 6 x 30 Binocular | |
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| Four-Element Eyepieces | |
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| Five-Element Eyepieces | |
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| Very High Index Eyepiece/Magnifier | |
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| Six- and Seven-Element Eyepieces | |
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| Cooke Triplet Anastigmats | |
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| Airspaced Triplet Anastigmats | |
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| Glass Choice | |
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| Vertex Length and Residual Aberrations | |
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| Other Design Considerations | |
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| A Plastic, Aspheric Triplet Camera Lens | |
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| Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch"-The Cooke Triplet | |
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| Possible Improvements to Our "Basic" Triplet | |
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| The Rare Earth (Lanthanum) Glasses | |
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| Aspherizing the Surfaces | |
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| Increasing the Element Thickness | |
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| Split Triplets | |
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| The Tessar, Heliar, and Other Compounded Triplets | |
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| The Classic Tessar | |
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| The Heliar/Pentac | |
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| The Portrait Lens and the Enlarger Lens | |
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| Other Compounded Triplets | |
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| Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch"-The Tessar and Heliar | |
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| Double-Meniscus Anastigmats | |
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| Meniscus Components | |
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| The Hypergon, Topogon, and Metrogon | |
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| A Two Element Aspheric Thick Meniscus Camera Lens | |
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| Protar, Dagor, and Convertible Lenses | |
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| The Split Dagor | |
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| The Dogmar | |
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| Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch"-The Dogmar Lens | |
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| The Biotar or Double-Gauss Lens | |
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| The Basic Six-Element Version | |
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| Twenty-Eight Things That Every Lens Designer Should Know About the Double-Gauss/Biotar Lens | |
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| The Seven-Element Biotar-Split-Rear Crown | |
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| The Seven-Element Biotar-Broken Contact Front Doublet | |
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| The Seven-Element Biotar-One Compounded Outer Element | |
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| The Eight-Element Biotar | |
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| A "Doubled Double-Gauss" Relay | |
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| Telephoto Lenses | |
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| The Basic Telephoto | |
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| Close-up or Macro Lenses | |
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| Telephoto Designs | |
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| Design of a 200-mm f/4 Telephoto for a 35-mm Camera "from Scratch" | |
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| Reversed Telephoto (Retrofocus and Fish-Eye) Lenses | |
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| The Reversed Telephoto Principle | |
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| The Basic Retrofocus Lens | |
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| Fish-Eye, or Extreme Wide-Angle Reversed Telephoto, Lenses | |
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| Wide-Angle Lenses with Negative Outer Elements | |
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| The Petzval Lens; Head-up Display Lenses | |
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| The Petzval Portrait Lens | |
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| The Petzval Projection Lens | |
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| The Petzval with a Field Flattener | |
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| Very High Speed Petzval Lenses | |
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| Head-up Display (HUD) Lenses, Biocular Lenses, and Head/Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) Systems | |
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| Microscope Objectives | |
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| General Considerations | |
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| Classical Objective Design Forms: The Aplanatic Front | |
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| Flat-Field Objectives | |
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| Reflecting Objectives | |
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| The Microscope Objective Designs | |
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| Mirror and Catadioptric Systems | |
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| The Good and the Bad Points of Mirrors | |
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| The Classical Two-Mirror Systems | |
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| Catadioptric Systems | |
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| Aspheric Correctors and Schmidt Systems | |
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| Confocal Paraboloids | |
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| Unobscured Systems | |
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| Design of a Schmidt-Cassegrain "from Scratch" | |
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| Infrared and Ultraviolet Systems | |
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| Infrared Optics | |
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| IR Objective Lenses | |
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| IR Telescopes | |
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| Laser Beam Expanders | |
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| Ultraviolet Systems | |
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| Microlithographic Lenses | |
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| Zoom Lenses | |
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| Zoom Lenses | |
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| Zoom Lenses for Point and Shoot Cameras | |
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| A 20x Video Zoom Lens | |
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| A Zoom Scanner Lens | |
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| A Possible Zoom Lens Design Procedure | |
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| Projection TV Lenses and Macro Lenses | |
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| Projection TV Lenses | |
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| Macro Lenses | |
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| Scanner/f-[theta], Laser Disk and Collimator Lenses | |
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| Monochromatic Systems | |
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| Scanner Lenses | |
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| Laser Disk, Focussing, and Collimator Lenses | |
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| Tolerance Budgeting | |
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| The Tolerance Budget | |
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| Additive Tolerances | |
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| Establishing the Tolerance Budget | |
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| Formulary | |
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| Sign Conventions, Symbols, and Definitions | |
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| The Cardinal Points | |
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| Image Equations | |
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| Paraxial Ray Tracing (Surface by Surface) | |
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| Invariants | |
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| Paraxial Ray Tracing (Component by Component) | |
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| Two-Component Relationships | |
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| Third-Order Aberrations-Surface Contributions | |
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| Third-Order Aberrations-Thin Lens Contributions: The G-Sum Equations | |
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| Stop Shift Equations | |
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| Third-Order Aberrations-Contributions from Aspheric Surfaces | |
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| Conversion of Aberrations to Wavefront Deformation (Optical Path Difference) | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |