Preface | p. ix |
Introductory Concepts | |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Electrons and Photons | p. 7 |
Introduction | p. 7 |
The Fundamental Relationships | p. 8 |
Properties of Photons | p. 10 |
Properties of Electrons | p. 14 |
Some History | p. 20 |
Changing Places: How Electrons Behave in Solids | p. 23 |
Summary | p. 30 |
Bibliography | p. 30 |
Problems | p. 32 |
Photonic Devices | |
Photodiodes | p. 37 |
Introduction | p. 37 |
The Current-Voltage Equation for Photodiodes | p. 38 |
Photodiode Operation: The Photocurrent Mode and the Photovoltage Mode | p. 47 |
Photodiode Properties | p. 48 |
Spectral Response | p. 48 |
Quantum Efficiency | p. 52 |
Summary | p. 56 |
Bibliography | p. 57 |
Problems | p. 58 |
Electrical Response Time of Diodes | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 61 |
Modeling the Response Time of Photodiodes | p. 62 |
Diffusion Time | p. 63 |
Drift | p. 65 |
The Resistance-Capacitance Response Time | p. 66 |
Capacitance of Diodes in Forward Bias | p. 70 |
Measurement of Diode Capacitance and Carrier Concentration | p. 71 |
Application of Light-Emitting Diodes | p. 72 |
Summary | p. 73 |
Bibliography | p. 74 |
Problems | p. 75 |
Photoconductivity | p. 77 |
Introduction | p. 77 |
Conductivity and Mobility | p. 77 |
Gain and Bandwidth | p. 79 |
Engineering Photoconductivity | p. 84 |
Photographic Film and Photoconductivity | p. 87 |
Sensitization | p. 91 |
Summary | p. 97 |
Bibliography | p. 99 |
Problems | p. 100 |
Light-Emitting Diodes | p. 101 |
Introduction | p. 101 |
Recombination of Excess Carriers--Direct Generation of Light | p. 104 |
The Energy Spectrum of Light | p. 107 |
Quantum Efficiency | p. 114 |
Beating the Experts: New Thinking Creates a Pathway to Increased Efficiency | p. 116 |
Response Time | p. 123 |
Steady-State Input Electrical Current and Output LED Optical Power | p. 123 |
Rise Time of the Light-Emitting Diode | p. 129 |
Summary | p. 138 |
Review of Important Concepts | p. 138 |
References | p. 138 |
Problems | p. 139 |
Lasers | p. 143 |
Amplifiers and Feedback | p. 144 |
Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission | p. 146 |
Optical Gain | p. 150 |
Obtaining Population Inversion | p. 153 |
Optical Feedback--Making a Laser | p. 159 |
Threshold--Going Over the Edge | p. 164 |
A True Story | p. 168 |
Summary | p. 171 |
Bibliography | p. 171 |
Problems and Exercises | p. 173 |
Advanced Topics | |
Direct Modulation of Laser Diodes | p. 177 |
Introduction | p. 177 |
Time-Dependent Behavior of Laser Diodes during Current Modulation | p. 179 |
Summary | p. 188 |
Bibliography | p. 189 |
Problems and Exercises | p. 190 |
Optical Fibers and Optical Fiber Amplifiers | p. 191 |
Introduction | p. 191 |
Glass | p. 194 |
Optical Fiber Engineering | p. 197 |
Waveguiding in Optical Fibers | p. 198 |
More Capacity | p. 204 |
Optical Amplifiers | p. 212 |
Summary | p. 220 |
Bibliography | p. 221 |
Problems | p. 222 |
Characterizing Photonic Devices in the Laboratory | |
Measurements in Photonics | p. 227 |
Introduction | p. 227 |
Lenses | p. 228 |
Monochromators and Spectrometers | p. 230 |
Gratings | p. 231 |
Mirrors | p. 233 |
The Spectrometer/Monochromator System | p. 235 |
Lock-in Amplifier | p. 237 |
Chopping Wheel or Chopper | p. 238 |
Photon Detectors | p. 240 |
Curve Tracer | p. 240 |
Summary | p. 241 |
Bibliography | p. 241 |
Problems | p. 242 |
Experimental Photonics: Device Characterization in the Laboratory | p. 245 |
Current-Voltage Characteristic of Photodiodes and LEDs | p. 245 |
Detection Using the Lock-in Amplifier | p. 249 |
Optical Measurements Using the Monochromator and Spectrometer | p. 252 |
Optical Properties of Light-Emitting Diodes | p. 257 |
Device Capacitance | p. 259 |
Characterization of Lasers | p. 263 |
Index | p. 279 |
About the Author | p. 285 |
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