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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Guide to Using This Book | |
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| The Central Nervous System | |
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| Introduction to the Central Nervous System | |
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| Neurons and Glia Are the Two Principal Cellular Constituents of the Nervous System | |
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| The Nervous System Consists of Separate Peripheral and Central Components | |
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| The Spinal Cord Displays the Simplest Organization of All Seven Major Divisions | |
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| The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Regulate Body Functions and Movements | |
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| The Diencephalon Consists of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus | |
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| The Cerebral Hemispheres Have the Most Complex Three-Dimensional Configuration of All Central Nervous System Divisions | |
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| Cavities Within the Central Nervous System Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid | |
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| The Central Nervous System Is Covered by Three Meningeal Layers | |
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| An Introduction to Neuroanatomical Terms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Structural and Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System | |
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| The Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System and Corticospinal Tract Have a Component at Each Level of the Neuraxis | |
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| The Modulatory Systems of the Brain Have Diffuse Connections and Use Different Neurotransmitters | |
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| Guidelines for Studying the Regional Anatomy and Interconnections of the Central Nervous System | |
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| The Spinal Cord Has a Central Cellular Region Surrounded by a Region That Contains Myelinated Axons | |
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| Surface Features of the Brain Stem Mark Key Internal Structures | |
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| The Internal Capsule Contains Ascending and Descending Axons | |
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| Cerebral Cortex Neurons Are Organized Into Layers | |
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| The Cerebral Cortex Has an Input-Output Organization | |
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| The Cytoarchitectonic Map of the Cerebral Cortex Is the Basis for a Map of Cortical Function | |
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| Summary | |
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| Development of the Central Nervous System | |
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| The Neurons and Glial Cells Derive From Cells of the Neural Plate | |
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| The Neural Tube Forms Five Brain Vesicles and the Spinal Cord | |
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| The Spinal Cord and Brain Stem Have a Segmented Structure | |
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| The Location of Developing Spinal Cord and Brain Stem Nuclei Determine Their Functions and Connections | |
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| The Cerebellum Develops From the Rhombic Lips | |
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| The Rostral Portion of the Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres | |
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| Summary | |
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| Vasculature of the Central Nervous System and the Cerebrospinal Fluid | |
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| Neural Tissue Depends on Continuous Arterial Blood Supply | |
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| The Vertebral and Carotid Arteries Supply Blood to the Central Nervous System | |
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| The Spinal and Radicular Arteries Supply Blood to the Spinal Cord | |
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| The Vertebral and Basilar Arteries Supply Blood to the Brain Stem | |
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| The Internal Carotid Artery Has Four Principal Portions | |
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| The Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres | |
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| Cerebral Veins Drain Into the Dural Sinuses | |
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| The Blood-Brain Barrier Isolates the Chemical Environment of the Central Nervous System From That of the Rest of the Body | |
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid Serves Many Diverse Functions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sensory Systems | |
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| Spinal Somatic Sensory Systems | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Somatic Sensory Pathways | |
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| The Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System and the Anterolateral System Mediate Different Somatic Sensations | |
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| The Two Ascending Somatic Sensory Pathways Each Receive Inputs From Different Classes of Sensory Receptor Neurons | |
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| The Somatic Sensory Pathways Have Different Relay Nuclei in the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem | |
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| The Two Ascending Somatic Sensory Pathways Decussate at Different Levels of the Neuraxis | |
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| The Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal and Anterolateral Systems Synapse in Different Brain Stem, Diencephalic, and Cortical Regions | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Somatic Sensory Pathways | |
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| The Peripheral Axon Terminals of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Contain the Somatic Sensory Receptor | |
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| Dorsal Root Axons With Different Diameters Terminate in Different Central Nervous System Locations | |
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| The Dorsal Columns Contain Ascending Branches of Mechanoreceptive Sensory Fibers | |
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| The Somatotopic Organization of the Dorsal Columns Is Revealed in Human Postmortem Specimens | |
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| The Decussation of the Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System Is in the Caudal Medulla | |
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| Vascular Lesions of the Medulla Differentially Affect Somatic Sensory Function | |
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| Descending Pain Suppression Pathways Originate From the Brain Stem | |
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| Three Separate Nuclei in the Thalamus Process Somatic Sensory Information | |
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| Several Areas of the Parietal Lobe Process Touch and Proprioceptive Information | |
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| Limbic and Insular Areas Contain the Cortical Representations of Pain, Itch, and Temperature Sensations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cranial Nerves and the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems | |
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| Cranial Nerves and Nuclei | |
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| Important Differences Exist Between the Sensory and Motor Innervation of Cranial Structures and That of the Limbs and Trunk | |
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| There Are Seven Functional Categories of Cranial Nerves | |
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| Cranial Nerve Nuclei Are Organized Into Rostrocaudal Columns | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems | |
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| Separate Trigeminal Pathways Mediate Touch and Pain and Temperature Senses | |
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| The Viscerosensory System Originates from the Caudal Solitary Nucleus | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems | |
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| Separate Sensory Roots Innervate Different Parts of the Face and Mucous Membranes of the Head | |
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| The Key Components of the Trigeminal System Are Present at All Levels of the Brain Stem | |
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| The Caudal Solitary and Parabrachial Nuclei Are Key Brain Stem Viscerosensory Integrative Centers | |
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| The Ventral Posterior Nucleus Contains Separate Trigeminal and Spinal Subdivisions and Projects to the Postcentral Gyrus | |
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| The Thalamic Viscerosensory Relay Nucleus Projects to the Insular Cortex | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Visual System | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Visual System | |
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| Anatomically Separate Visual Pathways Mediate Perception and Ocular Reflex Function | |
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| The Pathway to the Primary Visual Cortex Is Important for Perception of the Form, Color, and Motion of Visual Stimuli | |
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| The Pathway to the Midbrain Is Important in Voluntary and Reflexive Control of the Eyes | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Visual System | |
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| Optical Properties of the Eye Transform Visual Stimuli | |
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| The Retina Contains Five Major Layers | |
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| Each Optic Nerve Contains All of the Axons of Ganglion Cells in the Ipsilateral Retina | |
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| The Superior Colliculus Is Important in Oculomotor Control and Orientation | |
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| The Retinotopic Maps in Each Layer of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Are Aligned | |
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| The Primary Visual Cortex Is the Target of Projections From the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | |
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| The Magnocellular and Parvocellular Systems Have Differential Laminar Projections in the Primary Visual Cortex | |
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| The Primary Visual Cortex Has a Columnar Organization | |
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| Higher-Order Visual Cortical Areas Analyze Distinct Aspects of Visual Stimuli | |
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| The Visual Field Changes in Characteristic Ways After Damage to the Visual System | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Auditory System | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System | |
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| Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways May Be Involved in Different Aspects of Hearing | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Auditory System | |
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| The Auditory Sensory Organs Are Located Within the Membranous Labyrinth | |
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| The Topography of Connections Between Brain Stem Auditory Nuclei Provides Insight Into the Functions of Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways | |
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| The Olivocochlear System May Regulate Hair Cell Sensitivity | |
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| Auditory Brain Stem Axons Ascend in the Lateral Lemniscus | |
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| The Inferior Colliculus Is Located in the Midbrain Tectum | |
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| The Medial Geniculate Nucleus Contains a Division That Is Tonotopically Organized | |
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| The Auditory Cortical Areas Are Located on the Superior Surface of the Temporal Lobe | |
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| Summary | |
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| Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell | |
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| The Gustatory System: Taste | |
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| The Ascending Gustatory Pathway Projects to the Ipsilateral Insular Cortex | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Gustatory System | |
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| Branches of the Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus Nerves Innervate Different Parts of the Oral Cavity | |
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| The Solitary Nucleus Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Taste | |
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| The Parvocellular Portion of the Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Relays Gustatory Information to the Insular Cortex and Operculum | |
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| The Olfactory System: Smell | |
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| The Olfactory Projection to the Cerebral Cortex Does Not Relay in the Thalamus | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Olfactory System | |
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| The Primary Olfactory Neurons Are Located in the Nasal Mucosa | |
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| The Olfactory Bulb Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Olfactory Input | |
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| The Olfactory Bulb Projects to Structures on the Ventral Brain Surface Through the Olfactory Tract | |
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| The Primary Olfactory Cortex Receives a Direct Input From the Olfactory Bulb | |
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| Projections From the Olfactory Bulb to the Cortex Have a Parallel Organization | |
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| Summary | |
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| Motor Systems | |
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| Descending Motor Pathways and the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Motor Pathways | |
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| Diverse Central Nervous System Structures Comprise the Motor Systems | |
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| Many Cortical Regions Are Recruited Into Action During Visually Guided Movements | |
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| There Are Three Functional Classes of Descending Pathways | |
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| Multiple Parallel Motor Control Pathways Originate From the Cortex and Brain Stem | |
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| Motor Pathways of the Spinal Cord Have a Hierarchical Organization | |
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| The Functional Organization of the Descending Pathways Parallels the Somatotopic Organization of the Motor Nuclei in the Ventral Horn | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Motor Pathways | |
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| The Cortical Motor Areas Are Located in the Frontal Lobe | |
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| The Projection From Cortical Motor Regions Passes Through the Internal Capsule En Route to the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord | |
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| The Corticospinal Tract Courses in the Base of the Midbrain | |
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| Descending Cortical Fibers Separate Into Small Fascicles in the Ventral Pons | |
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| The Pontine and Medullary Reticular Formation Gives Rise to the Reticulospinal Tracts | |
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| The Lateral Corticospinal Tract Decussates in the Caudal Medulla | |
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| The Intermediate Zone and Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord Receive Input From the Descending Pathways | |
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| Lesions of the Descending Cortical Pathway in the Brain and Spinal Cord Produce Flaccid Paralysis Followed by Spasticity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei and Brain Stem Motor Functions | |
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| Organization and Functional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei | |
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| There Are Three Columns of Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei | |
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| The Cranial Motor Nuclei Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex and Diencephalon | |
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| Neurons in the Somatic Skeletal Motor Column Innervate the Tongue and Extraocular Muscles | |
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| The Branchiomeric Motor Column Innervates Skeletal Muscles That Develop From the Branchial Arches | |
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| The Autonomic Motor Column Contains Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons | |
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| Regional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei | |
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| Lesion of the Genu of the Internal Capsule Interrupts the Corticobulbar Tract | |
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| Parasympathetic Neurons in the Midbrain Regulate Pupil Size | |
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| The Descending Cortical Fibers Break Up Into Small Fascicles in the Pons | |
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| The Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Is Medial to the Main Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus | |
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| The Fibers of the Facial Nerve Have a Complex Trajectory Through the Pons | |
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| The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Enters and Exits From the Rostral Medulla | |
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| A Level Through the Midmedulla Reveals the Locations of Six Cranial Nerve Nuclei | |
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| The Spinal Accessory Nucleus Is Located at the Junction of the Spinal Cord and Medulla | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Vestibular and Oculomotor Systems | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Vestibular System | |
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| An Ascending Pathway From the Vestibular Nuclei to the Thalamus Is Important for Perception and Orientation | |
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| The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Distinct Efferent Projections for Axial Muscle Control and Perception | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Oculomotor System and the Control of Gaze | |
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| The Extraocular Motor Neurons Are Located in Three Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei | |
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| Voluntary Eye Movement Direction Is Controlled by Neurons in the Frontal Lobe and the Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex | |
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| The Vestibuloocular Reflex Maintains Direction of Gaze During Head Movement | |
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| Regional Organization of the Vestibular and Oculomotor Systems | |
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| Vestibular Nerve Fibers Project to the Vestibular Nuclei and the Cerebellum | |
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| The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Diverse Projections | |
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| The Extraocular Motor Nuclei Are Located in the Pons and Midbrain | |
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| Rostral Midbrain Neurons Organize Vertical Saccades | |
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| Eye Movement Control Involves the Integrated Functions of Many Brain Stem Structures | |
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| The Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus Transmits Vestibular Information to the Parietal and Insular Cortical Areas | |
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| Multiple Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Function in Eye Movement Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Cerebellum | |
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| Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum | |
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| All Three Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum Display a Similar Input-Output Organization | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Cerebellum | |
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| The Intrinsic Circuitry of the Cerebellar Cortex Is Similar for the Different Functional Divisions | |
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| Spinal Cord and Medullary Sections Reveal Nuclei and Paths Transmitting Somatic Sensory Information to the Cerebellum | |
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| The Inferior Olivary Nucleus Is the Only Source of Climbing Fibers | |
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| The Vestibulocerebellum Receives Input From Primary and Secondary Vestibular Neurons | |
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| The Pontine Nuclei Provide the Major Input to the Cerebrocerebellum | |
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| The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Are Located Within the White Matter | |
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| The Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Decussates in the Caudal Midbrain | |
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| The Ventrolateral Nucleus Relays Cerebellar Output to the Premotor and Primary Motor Cortical Areas | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Basal Ganglia | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia | |
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| Separate Components of the Basal Ganglia Process Incoming Information and Mediate the Output | |
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| Parallel Circuits Course Through the Basal Ganglia | |
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| Knowledge of Basal Ganglia Connections and Neurotransmitters Provides Insight Into Their Function in Health and Disease | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia | |
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| The Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule Separates the Head of the Caudate Nucleus From the Putamen | |
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| Cell Bridges Link the Caudate Nucleus and the Putamen | |
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| The External Segment of the Globus Pallidus and the Ventral Pallidum Are Separated by the Anterior Commissure | |
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| The Ansa Lenticularis and the Lenticular Fasciculus Are Output Paths of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus | |
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| Lesion of the Subthalamic Region Produces Hemiballism | |
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| The Substantia Nigra Contains Two Anatomical Divisions | |
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| The Vascular Supply of the Basal Ganglia Is Provided by the Middle Cerebral Artery | |
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| Summary | |
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| Integrative Systems | |
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| The Hypothalamus and Regulation of Endocrine and Visceral Functions | |
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| Functional Anatomy of the Neuroendocrine Systems | |
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| The Hypothalamus Is Divided Into Three Functionally Distinct Mediolateral Zones | |
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| Separate Parvocellular and Magnocellular Neurosecretory Systems Regulate Hormone Release From the Anterior and Posterior Lobes of the Pituitary | |
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| Functional Anatomy of Autonomic Nervous System Control | |
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| The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Authonomic Nervous System Originate From Different Central Nervous System Locations | |
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| Hypothalamic Nuclei Coordinate Integrated Responses to Body and Environmental Stimuli via Local Circuits and Descending Visceral Motor Pathways | |
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| Regional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus | |
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| The Preoptic Area Influences Release of Reproductive Hormones From the Anterior Pituitary | |
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| The Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei Comprise the Magnocellular Neurosecretory System | |
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| The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Is the Master Clock for Circadian Rhythms | |
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| Parvocellular Neurosecretory Neurons Project to the Median Eminence | |
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| The Posterior Hypothalamus Contains the Mammillary Bodies | |
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| Neurons in the Lateral Hypothalamic Area Can Have Widespread Effects on Cortical Neuron Function | |
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| Descending Autonomic Fibers Course in the Periaqueductal Gray Matter and in the Lateral Tegmentum | |
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| Nuclei in the Pons Are Important for Bladder Control | |
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| Dorsolateral Brain Stem Lesions Interrupt Descending Sympathetic Fibers | |
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| Preganglionic Neurons Are Located in the Lateral Intermediate Zone of the Spinal Cord | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Limbic System and Cerebral Circuits for Emotions, Learning, and Memory | |
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| Anatomical and Functional Overview of Neural Systems for Emotions, Learning, and Memory | |
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| The Limbic Association Cortex Is Located on the Medial Surface of the Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes | |
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| The Hippocampal Formation Plays a Role in Memory Consolidation | |
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| The Amygdala Contains Three Major Functional Divisions | |
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| Connections Exist Between Components of the Limbic System and the Effector Systems | |
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| All Major Neurotransmitter Regulatory Systems Have Projections to the Limbic System | |
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| Regional Anatomy of Neural Systems for Emotions, Learning, and Memory | |
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| The Nucleus Accumbens and Olfactory Tubercle Comprise Part of the Basal Forebrain | |
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| Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Systems Have Diffuse Limbic and Neocortical Projections | |
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| The Cingulum Courses Beneath the Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri | |
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| The Three Nuclear Divisions of the Amygdala Are Revealed in Coronal Section | |
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| The Hippocampal Formation Is Located in the Floor of the Inferior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle | |
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| A Sagittal Cut Through the Mammillary Bodies Reveals the Fornix and Mammillothalamic Tract | |
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| Nuclei in the Brain Stem Link Telencephalic and Diencephalic Limbic Structures With the Autonomic Nervous System and the Spinal Cord | |
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| Summary | |
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| Atlas | |
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| Surface Topography of the Central Nervous System | |
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| Myelin-Stained Sections Through the Central Nervous System | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |