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Hydraulics Field Manual

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ISBN-10: 0070485569

ISBN-13: 9780070485563

Edition: 1992

Authors: Robert O. Parmley

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Description:

Aimed at engineers, contractors, technicians, and others who need accurate, on-the-job technical answers to a broad range of questions about hydraulics, this manual is designed specifically to help field personnel handle hydraulics problems at the job site.
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Book details

List price: $44.50
Copyright year: 1992
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies, The
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 334
Size: 5.75" wide x 8.50" long x 1.00" tall
Weight: 0.836
Language: English

Prefacep. xxi
Hydrologyp. 1
Waterp. 2
Water Effectsp. 3
Hydrologic Cyclep. 4
Hydrologic Cyclep. 5
Hydrology in Engineeringp. 6
Referencesp. 8
Hydraulicsp. 1
Hydraulic Engineeringp. 2
Historic Recordp. 2
Empirical Methodsp. 5
Modern Methodsp. 9
Present Usage of Waterp. 9
Future Concernsp. 10
Field Hydraulicsp. 10
Referencesp. 11
Groundwaterp. 1
Origin and Occurrencep. 2
Modern Usagep. 2
Estimating Guidelines for Daily Water Usagep. 3
Fundamentals of Flowp. 4
USDA Classification of Soil Based on Particle Size of 1 Millimeterp. 5
USDA Soil Textural Classesp. 6
Test Holes and Logsp. 7
Sample Test Hole Logp. 8
Piezometric Mappingp. 9
Generic Piezometric Mapp. 9
Well-Water Measuring Methodsp. 10
Air-Line Installation for Measuring Water Levelsp. 14
Using Electric Sounder to Measure Water Levelsp. 17
Curve for Determining Value of K in Formula for Circular-Orifice Weirp. 20
Relation of Drawdown to Yield in Water Table and Artesian Wellsp. 22
Springsp. 23
Geothermal Conditionsp. 24
Artificial Rechargep. 25
Geometry of a Wastewater Effluent Seepage Cellp. 26
Basic Geometry of a Typical Mounding Effectp. 28
Unconfined Aquiferp. 28
Cross-Sectional View Illustrating Unconfined and Confined Aquifersp. 29
Perched Water Tablep. 29
Construction Dewateringp. 30
Typical Construction Dewatering Arrangementp. 30
Cold-Region Construction Problemsp. 31
Referencesp. 32
Pumpsp. 1
Major Pump Types and Construction Stylesp. 2
Overhung Impeller, Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction Pumpp. 3
Overhung Impeller, Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction, Canned Motor Pumpp. 4
Overhung Impeller, Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, Submersible Pumpp. 5
Overhung Impeller, Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, Inline Pumpp. 6
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Inline, Flexible Coupling Pumpp. 7
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Inline, Rigid Coupling Pumpp. 8
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Frame-Mounted Pumpp. 9
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage Centerline Support, API 610 Pumpp. 10
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Frame-Mounted, ANSI B73-1 Pumpp. 11
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Wet Pit Volute Pumpp. 12
Axial-Flow Horizontal Pumpp. 13
Impeller between Bearings, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage Axial (Horizontal) Split Case Pump (Part One)p. 14
Impeller between Bearings, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage Axial (Horizontal) Split Case Pump (Part Two)p. 15
Impeller between Bearings, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage Axial (Horizontal) Split Case Pump (Part Three)p. 16
Impeller Between Bearings, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage Radial (Vertical) Split Case Pumpp. 17
Impeller between Bearings, Separately Coupled, Multistage Axial (Horizontal) Split Case Pumpp. 18
Impeller between Bearings, Separately Coupled, Multistage Radial (Vertical) Split Case Pumpp. 19
Turbine-Type, Vertical, Multistage, Deep-Well, Submersible Pumpp. 20
Turbine-Type, Vertical, Multistage, Deep-Well Pumpp. 21
Turbine-Type, Vertical, Multistage, Barrel or Can Pumpp. 22
Turbine-Type, Vertical, Multistage, Short Setting Pumpp. 23
Mixed-Flow Vertical Pumpp. 24
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Mixed-Flow Impeller Volute-Type Horizontal Pumpp. 25
Vertical, Axial-flow Impeller (Propeller)-Type Pumpp. 26
Regenerative Turbine, Impeller Overhung, Single-Stage Pumpp. 27
Regenerative Turbine, Impeller between Bearings, Two-Stage Pumpp. 28
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Frame-Mounted Pumpp. 29
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Frame-Mounted Pump on Baseplatep. 30
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Centerline-Mounted Pumpp. 31
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Centerline-Mounted Pump on Baseplatep. 32
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Centerline-Mounted (Top-Suction) Pumpp. 33
Overhung Impeller, Separately Coupled, Single-Stage, Centerline-Mounted Pump on Baseplate (Top Suction)p. 34
Basic Rotary Pumpsp. 35
Basic Components of Rotary Pumpsp. 37
Internal Gear Pump--Foot Mounting and Flange Mountingp. 39
Internal Gear Pump--Foot Mounting and Close-Coupledp. 40
External Gear Pump--Flanged Ports and Threaded Portsp. 41
External Gear Pump on Baseplatep. 42
External Gear and Bearing Screw Pump on Baseplatep. 43
Multiple-Screw Pumpp. 44
Lobe Pumpp. 45
Horizontal Single-Acting Plunger Power Pumpp. 46
Vertical Single-Acting Plunger Power Pumpp. 46
Horizontal Double-Acting Piston Power Pumpp. 46
Vertical Triplex Plunger Pump, on Base, Gear Reductionp. 47
Horizontal Triplex Plunger Pump, on Base, Belt Drivep. 47
Liquid End, Horizontal Plunger Power Pumpp. 48
Liquid End, Vertical Plunger Power Pumpp. 49
Power End, Horizontal Plunger Power Pumpp. 50
Power End, Vertical Plunger Power Pumpp. 51
Power End, Horizontal Duplex Power Pump with Integral Gearsp. 52
Summary of Operating Performances of Pumpsp. 53
Weirs, Flumes, and Orificesp. 1
Discharge from Triangular Notch Weirs with End Contractionsp. 2
Discharge from Rectangular Weir with End Contractionsp. 3
Minimum and Maximum Recommended Flow Rates for Rectangular Weirs (a) with End Contractions and (b) without End Contractionsp. 4
Compound Weir (90[degree] V-Notch Weir with Contracted Rectangular Weir)p. 5
Inexpensive Weir Installation for Small-Stream Measurementp. 5
Typical Sharp-Crested Weirsp. 6
Sharp-Crested Weir with Staff Gaugep. 7
Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) Sharp-Crested Weirp. 7
Weirs Replace Gate Valvesp. 8
Minimum and Maximum Recommended Flow Rates for Cipolletti Weirsp. 11
Various Other Sharp-Crested Weir Profilesp. 11
General Flume Configurationp. 12
Parshall Flume Designp. 12
Dimensions for Various Throat Widths for Parshall Flumep. 13
Flume Inlet and Outlet Piping Detail for WWTFp. 14
Minimum and Maximum Recommended Flow Rates for Free Flow-through Parshall Flumesp. 15
Various Cross-Sectional Shapes of Palmer-Bowlus Flumesp. 15
Dimensional Configuration of Standardized Palmer-Bowlus Flume Trapezoidal Throat Cross Sectionp. 16
Dimensions and Capacities of H-Type Flumesp. 16
Trapezoidal Flumes for 1- and 2-Foot Irrigation Channelsp. 19
Original San Dimas Flumep. 20
Weir versus Flume Typical Installation as Measuring Devicesp. 20
Selection of a Primary Measuring Device: Weirs (a) versus Flumes (b)p. 21
Relative Head Losses for Water Flows in Different Types of Weirs and Flumesp. 22
Essential Details of the Circular-Orifice Method Used to Measure Pumping Rates of a Turbine Pumpp. 23
Flow Rates through Circular Orificep. 24
Venturi Meter, Nozzles, and Orificesp. 24
Theoretical discharge or Orifices, U.S. GPMp. 27
Flow Regulatorp. 29
Open-Flow Nozzles - Dimensions and Approximate Capacitiesp. 30
Channel Section Geometric Elementsp. 31
Flow in Pipesp. 1
Manning Formula Pipe Flow Chart (English/Metric Units), n = 0.009p. 2
Manning Formula Pipe Flow Chart (English/Metric Units), n = 0.010p. 3
Manning Formula Pipe Flow Chart (English/Metric Units), n = 0.011p. 4
Manning Formula Pipe Flow Chart (English/Metric Units), n = 0.012p. 5
Manning Formula Pipe Flow Chart (English/Metric Units), n = 0.013p. 6
Manning Formula Pipe Flow Chart (English/Metric Units), n = 0.015p. 7
Manning Formula Pipe flow chart (English/Metric Units), n = 0.017p. 8
Manning Formula Pipe Flow Chart (English/Metric Units), n = 0.019p. 9
Manning Formula: Gravity Flow in Open Channel (Round Pipe)p. 10
Values of the Manning Roughness Coefficient np. 11
Area of Flow and Hydraulic Radius for Various Flow Depthsp. 14
Design Capacities for Clay Pipe Sewers, n = 0.010p. 15
Design Capacities for Clay Pipe Sewers, n = 0.013p. 16
Hydraulic Properties of Clay Pipe at Design Depthp. 17
Hydraulic Properties of Circular Sewersp. 17
Discharge of Circular Pipes--Flowing Fullp. 18
Hydraulic Properties of Clay Pipep. 19
Relative Carrying Capacities of Clay Pipe at Any Given Slopep. 19
Velocity and Discharge in Sewers and Drainage Pipes (Based on Kutter's Formula, Pipes Flowing Full)p. 20
Friction Loss in Water Pipingp. 24
Flow of Water in Ductile-Iron Pipep. 25
Relationship between Dracy's f and Manning's n for Flow in Pipesp. 26
Equivalent Resistance of Bends, Fittings, and Valves (Length of Straight Pipe in Feet)p. 27
Resistance of Valves and Fittings to Flow of Fluidsp. 28
Friction of Water: New Steel Pipe (Based on Darcy's Formula)p. 29
Culverts and Storm Waterp. 1
Typical Shapes and Uses of Corrugated Conduitsp. 2
Sizes and Layout Details--CSP Pipe Archesp. 3
Sizes and Layout Details--Structural Plate Steel Pipe Arches, 18-Inch Corner Radiusp. 4
Sizes and Layout Details--Structural Plate Steel Pipe Arches, 31-Inch Corner Radiusp. 5
Structural Plate Steel Underpasses--Sizes and Layout Detailsp. 6
Representative Sizes of Structural Plate Steel Archesp. 7
Long-Span Pipe Arch Sizes and Layout Detailsp. 9
Long-span Horizontal Ellipse Pipe Sizes and Layout Detailsp. 10
Long-Span Low-Profile Arch Pipes Sizes and Layout Detailsp. 11
Long-Span High-Profile Arch Pipe Sizes and Layout Detailsp. 12
Long-Span Pear-Shaped Pipe Sizes and Layout Detailsp. 13
Layout Details for Corrugated Steel Box Culverts--Sizes and Layout Detailsp. 14
Details of End Sections for 2 2/3-inch [times] 1/2-inch, 3-inch [times] 1-inch, and 5-inch [times] 1-inch Round and Pipe Arch Shapesp. 16
Dimensions of Galvanized Steel End Sections for (a) Round Pipe (2 2/3-inch [times] 1/2-inch, 3-inch [times] 1-inch, and 5-inch [times] 1-inch Corrugations) and (b) Pipe Arch (2 2/3-inch [times] 1/2-inch Corrugations) Shapesp. 17
Culvert Location Factorsp. 18
Proper Culvert Gradesp. 21
Culvert Lengthp. 23
Pipe Length for Skewed Culvertsp. 24
Headwater Depth for Corrugated Steel Culverts with Inlet Controlp. 25
Headwater Depth for Circular Culverts with Beveled Ring Inlet Controlp. 26
Headwater Depth for Corrugated Steel Pipe Arch Culverts with Inlet Controlp. 27
Headwater Depth for Inlet Control Structural Plate Pipe Arch Culvertsp. 28
Head for Standard Corrugated Steel Pipe Culverts--Flowing Full--Outlet Controlp. 30
Head for Standard Corrugated Steel Pipe Arch Culverts--Flowing full-Outlet Controlp. 31
Head for Structural Plate Corrugated Steel Pipe Culverts--Flowing Full--Outlet Controlp. 32
Head for Structural Plate Pipe Arch Culverts, 18-Inch Corner Radius--Flowing Full--Outlet Controlp. 33
Hydraulic Elements in Terms of Hydraulics for Full Section--Circular Corrugated Steel Pipep. 34
Full-Flow Data for Round Pipep. 35
Hydraulic Properties of Corrugated Steel and Structural Plate Pipe Archesp. 36
Full-Flow Data for Corrugated Steel Pipe Archesp. 36
Full-Flow Data for Structural Steel Pipe Arches [Corrugations, 6 [times] 2 inches; Corner Plates, 9 pi; Radius (R[subscript c]), 18 inches]p. 37
Full-Flow Data for Corrugated Steel Pipe Arches [Corrugations, 6 [times] 2 inches; Corner Plates, 15 pi; Radius (R[subscript c]), 31 inches]p. 38
Comparison of Waterway Cross-Sectional Areas at Equal Depths of Flow in Steel Pipe and Pipe Archp. 39
Full-Flow Data for Structural Plate Archesp. 40
Hydraulic Data for Long-Span Horizontal Ellipsep. 42
Hydraulic Properties of Long-Span Horizontal Ellipsep. 43
Hydraulic Data for Long-Span Low-Profile Archp. 44
Hydraulic Properties of Long-Span Low Profile Archp. 45
Hydraulic Data for Long Span High-Profile Archp. 46
Hydraulic Properties of Long-Span High-Profile Archp. 47
Hydraulic Data for Structural Plate Box Culvertsp. 48
Hydraulic Properties of Structural Plate Box Culvertsp. 49
Formulas for Rectangular and Trapezoidal Channelsp. 49
Nomograph for Flow in Triangular Channelsp. 50
Time of Concentration for Large Watershedsp. 51
Velocities for Upland Method of Estimating Travel Times for Overland Flowp. 52
Summary of Runoff Estimation Methodsp. 53
Chezy Equationp. 54
Manning's Equationp. 54
Nomograph for Solution of Manning's Equationp. 56
Nomograph for Headwater Depth of Box Culverts with Entrance Controlp. 57
Manning's n for Natural Stream Channelsp. 58
Comparison of Limiting Water Velocities and Tractive Force Values for the Design of Stable Channelsp. 58
Maximum Permissible Velocities in Vegetal-Lined Channelsp. 59
Channel Protectionp. 60
Average Annual Precipitation in United Statesp. 61
Fifteen-Minute Rainfall (in Inches) Expected Once in (a) 2 Years and (b) 5 Yearsp. 62
Typical Cross Section of Street with Concrete Curb and Gutterp. 63
Typical Concrete Curb-and-Gutter Sectionp. 63
Typical Inlet Installation with Concrete Curb and Gutterp. 64
Standard Catch Basin for Storm Sewerp. 64
Flow-Thru Inletp. 65
Typical Standard Crosswalk "T" Intersectionp. 66
Ramp Detail at Radius of Concrete Curb and Gutterp. 66
Typical Driveway Approach in Concrete Curb and Gutterp. 67
Typical Driveway Approach without a Boulevardp. 67
Infiltration and Inflowp. 1
General Description and Definition of Termsp. 2
List of Investigative Methods for Infiltration/Inflowp. 4
Calculation of Infiltration Rate in Pipelinep. 5
Base Infiltration Calculationp. 6
Example of Diurnal Flow Pattern of Wastewater Collection Systemp. 7
Mini-System of Existing Sanitary Sewer Collection Systemp. 8
Example of Inflow during Storm Event as Recorded at Key Manholep. 9
Typical Televising Log of Sewer Main Inspectionp. 10
Sanitary Sewer Manhole Illustrating Possible Sources of Infiltration/Inflowp. 11
Typical Sanitary Sewer Lateral Illustrating Possible Sources of Infiltrationp. 12
Map of High and Low Groundwater Table Relative to Sanitary Sewer Mainsp. 13
Typical Cross-Section of Sanitary Sewer Service Lateral and Groundwater Tablep. 14
General Methods to Reduce Infiltration/Inflowp. 15
Typical Manhole Pipe Seal to Prevent Infiltrationp. 16
Storage and Fire Protectionp. 1
Principal Accessories for an Elevated Storage Tankp. 2
Double Ellipsoidal Elevated Tankp. 3
Pedestal Sphere Elevated Tankp. 4
Hydroped Elevated Tankp. 5
Torospherical Elevated Tankp. 6
Toropillar Elevated Tankp. 7
Hydropillar Elevated Tankp. 8
Hydropillar Elevated Tank (wineglass style)p. 9
Double-Cone Elevated Tankp. 10
Typical Private Fire Service Mainp. 11
Arrangement of Supply Piping and Valvesp. 12
Straight Pipe Riserp. 13
Wet Pipe Sprinkler Riser with Alarm Check Valvep. 14
Header for Dry Pipe Valvesp. 15
Pit for Gate Valve, Check Valve, and Fire Department Connectionp. 16
Typical City Water Pit-Valve Arrangementp. 17
Backflow Prevention Device Installed on an Antifreeze Systemp. 18
Working Plans for Circulating Closed-Loop Systemsp. 19
Hydraulic Calculation Examplep. 20
Example of a Deluge Systemp. 21
High-Temperature and Intermediate-Temperature Zones at Unit Heatersp. 22
Canopy for Protecting Sprinklers in Building Service Chutesp. 23
Methods of Flushing Water Supply Connectionsp. 24
Maintenance Schedulep. 25
Cross-Section View of Subsurface Fire Protection Reservoirp. 26
Pumphouse Details of Subsurface Fire Protection Reservoirp. 27
Miscellaneous Piping Details for Subsurface Fire Protection Reservoirp. 29
Details of Fire Hydrantp. 31
Typical Hydrant Installationp. 32
Dry Fire Hydrant Detailsp. 33
Well Design Considerationsp. 1
Aquifersp. 2
Drilled Wellsp. 2
Cross-Section of an Artesian Aquiferp. 3
Typical Gravel Pack Wellp. 4
Pump Base with Gravel Pack Refill Pipingp. 5
Cross-Section View of Refill Pipingp. 5
Well Casing Seated at Top of Rock Layer Centered on Open Drill Holep. 6
Well Sealing and Groutingp. 6
Cross-Section View of a Typical Sanitary Seal for a Well Using a Submersible Pump with a Below Grade Dischargep. 7
Exploded View of a Typical Sanitary Seal for a Well using a Submersible Pump with Above Grade Dischargep. 8
Wellhead Protection Planningp. 9
Recharge Areap. 10
Zone of Influencep. 10
Groundwater Flow Directionp. 11
Inventory of Existing Potential Contamination Sourcesp. 11
Establishment of a WHP Areap. 12
Public Education Programp. 12
Water Conservation Programp. 12
Emergency Contingency Planp. 13
General Management Planp. 13
Cross-Section through Pumphouse Showing Arrangement of Right Angle Gear Drive for Auxiliary Pumpingp. 14
Regulatory Approvalsp. 15
Estimating Flows in the Fieldp. 1
Field Calculationsp. 2
Density of Waterp. 2
Water Pressurep. 2
Archimedes' Principlep. 3
Pascal's Lawp. 3
Continuity of Fluid Flowp. 3
Bernoulli's Lawp. 3
Velocity Headp. 3
Orifice Flowp. 4
Friction Loss Flowp. 4
Water Hammerp. 4
Hydraulic Press Principlep. 5
Method of Determining the Depth to Water Level in a Deep Wellp. 5
Determination of Total Head from Gauge Readingsp. 7
Determination of Total Head of Deep-Well Turbine or Propeller Pumpp. 8
Manometer Pressure Calculation Methodsp. 9
Approximating Flow from Horizontal Pipesp. 10
Approximating Flow from Vertical Pipesp. 11
Types of Liquid-Level Measuring Devicesp. 12
High-Low Level Indicatorp. 13
Illustrated Uses of Float Assembliesp. 14
Float Well Sizingp. 15
Typical River Gauging Stationp. 16
Details of Recording Station Using Floatsp. 17
Details of Float-Operated Flow Meterp. 18
Summary of Discharge Equations for Broad- and Sharp-Crested Weirsp. 19
Flow Test Procedurep. 20
Pitot Tube Design and Usep. 22
Flowing Capacities of Hydrant Nozzles, in Gallons per Minutep. 23
Water Loss versus Pipe Leak Sizep. 25
Barrel Testing Method for Infiltration Assessmentp. 26
Flooding Basin Test for Infiltration Ratesp. 27
Irrigation Tablep. 28
Flow Equivalentsp. 29
Supplemental datap. 1
Commonly Used Constantsp. 2
Conversions, Constants, and Formulasp. 3
Quantity and Velocity Equationsp. 4
Values of n for the Manning Formula: q=(1/n)AR[superscript 2/3]S[superscript 1/2]p. 5
Density and Volume of Waterp. 6
Conversion Units Chart for Volumetric Flow Ratep. 7
Conversion Units Chart for Forcep. 7
Conversion Units Chart for Pressurep. 8
Properties of Water in Metric Unitsp. 9
Peak Factorp. 10
Surface Drainage Runoff Diagramp. 11
Groundwater Drainage via Subsurface Drain Pipesp. 12
Laser Beam Setup for Laying Pipe to Gradep. 13
Diagram Showing Common Method of Laying Pipe to Line and Gradep. 14
Power Consumed in Pumping 1000 Gallons of Clear Water at 1 Foot Total Head (Various Efficiencies)p. 15
Radius of Curvature and Angle of Deflection for Curvilinear Sewers Using Various Pipe Lengthsp. 16
Conveyance Factors (for Pipes 15 Inches and Smaller and Pipes 18 Inches and Larger)p. 17
Capacity Conversionsp. 18
Pressure and Head Conversion Chartp. 20
Atmospheric Pressures for Altitude up to 12,000 Feetp. 21
Relation Between Variables in the Hydraulic Jumpp. 22
Depth of Flow and Specific Energy for Rectangular Section in Open Channelp. 23
Design of an Overflow Spillway Sectionp. 24
Basic Principles of Hydraulic Grade Lines (HGLs) in Dynamic Systemsp. 25
Typical Map Symbolsp. 26
Comparison of Pipe Materials and Jointsp. 27
Measurement Conversionsp. 28
AWWA Standardsp. 34
Index
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