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| Preface | |
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| About the Author | |
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| General Concepts | |
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| Types of Applications of Measurement Instrumentation | |
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| Why Study Measurement Systems? | |
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| Classification of Types of Measurement Applications | |
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| Computer-Aided Machines and Processes | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Generalized Configurations and Functional Descriptions of Measuring Instruments | |
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| Functional Elements of an Instrument | |
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| Active and Passive Transducers | |
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| Analog and Digital Modes of Operation | |
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| Null and Deflection Methods | |
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| Input-Output Configuration of Instruments and Measurement Systems | |
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| Methods of Correction for Interfering and Modifying Inputs | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Generalized Performance Characteristics of Instruments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Static Characteristics and Static Calibration | |
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| Meaning of Static Calibration | |
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| Measured Value versus True Value | |
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| Some Basic Statistics | |
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| Least-Squares Calibration Curves | |
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| Calibration Accuracy versus Installed Accuracy | |
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| Combination of Component Errors in Overall System-Accuracy Calculations | |
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| Theory Validation by Experimental Testing | |
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| Effect of Measurement Error on Quality-Control Decisions in Manufacturing | |
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| Static Sensitivity | |
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| Computer-Aided Calibration and Measurement: Multiple Regression | |
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| Linearity | |
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| Threshold, Noise Floor, Resolution, Hysteresis, and Dead Space | |
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| Scale Readability | |
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| Span | |
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| Generalized Static Stiffness and Input Impedance: Loading Effects | |
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| Concluding Remarks on Static Characteristics | |
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| Dynamic Characteristics | |
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| Generalized Mathematical Model of Measurement System | |
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| Digital Simulation Methods for Dynamic Response Analysis | |
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| Operational Transfer Function | |
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| Sinusoidal Transfer Function | |
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| Zero-Order Instrument | |
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| First-Order Instrument | |
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| Step Response of First-Order Instruments | |
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| Ramp Response of First-Order Instruments | |
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| Frequency Response of First-Order Instruments | |
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| Impulse Response of First-Order Instruments | |
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| Second-Order Instrument | |
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| Step Response of Second-Order Instruments | |
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| Terminated-Ramp Response of Second-Order Instruments | |
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| Ramp Response of Second-Order Instruments | |
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| Frequency Response of Second-Order Instruments | |
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| Impulse Response of Second-Order Instruments | |
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| Dead-Time Elements | |
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| Logarithmic Plotting of Frequency-Response Curves | |
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| Response of a General Form of Instrument to a Periodic Input | |
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| Response of a General Form of Instrument to a Transient Input | |
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| Frequency Spectra of Amplitude-Modulated Signals | |
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| Characteristics of Random Signals | |
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| Requirements on Instrument Transfer Function to Ensure Accurate Measurement | |
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| Sensor Selection Using Computer Simulation | |
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| Numerical Correction of Dynamic Data | |
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| Experimental Determination of Measurement-System Parameters | |
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| Loading Effects under Dynamic Conditions | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Measuring Devices | |
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| Motion and Dimensional Measurement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamental Standards | |
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| Relative Displacement: Translational and Rotational | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Resistive Potentiometers | |
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| Resistance Strain Gage | |
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| Differential Transformers | |
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| Synchros and Resolvers | |
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| Variable-Inductance and Variable-Reluctance Pickups | |
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| Eddy-Current Noncontacting Transducers | |
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| Capacitance Pickups | |
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| Piezoelectric Transducers | |
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| Electro-Optical Devices | |
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| Photographic and Electronic-Imaging Techniques | |
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| Photoelastic, Brittle-Coating, and Moire Fringe Stress-Analysis Techniques | |
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| Displacement-to-Pressure (Nozzle-Flapper) Transducer | |
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| Digital Displacement Transducers (Translational and Rotary Encoders) | |
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| Ultrasonic Transducers | |
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| Relative Velocity: Translational and Rotational | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Velocity by Electrical Differentiation of Displacement Voltage Signals | |
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| Average Velocity from Measured [Delta]x and [Delta]t | |
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| Mechanical Flyball Angular-Velocity Sensor | |
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| Mechanical Revolution Counters and Timers | |
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| Tachometer Encoder Methods | |
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| Laser-Based Methods | |
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| Radar (Microwave) Speed Sensors | |
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| Stroboscopic Methods | |
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| Translational-Velocity Transducers (Moving-Coil and Moving-Magnet Pickups) | |
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| DC Tachometer Generators for Rotary-Velocity Measurement | |
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| AC Tachometer Generators for Rotary-Velocity Measurement | |
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| Eddy-Current Drag-Cup Tachometer | |
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| Relative-Acceleration Measurements | |
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| Seismic- (Absolute-) Displacement Pickups | |
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| Seismic- (Absolute-) Velocity Pickups | |
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| Seismic- (Absolute-) Acceleration Pickups (Accelerometers) | |
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| Deflection-Type Accelerometers | |
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| Null-Balance- (Servo-) Type Accelerometers | |
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| Accelerometers for Inertial Navigation | |
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| Mechanical Loading of Accelerometers on the Test Object | |
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| Laser Doppler Vibrometers | |
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| Calibration of Vibration Pickups | |
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| Jerk Pickups | |
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| Pendulous (Gravity-Referenced) Angular-Displacement Sensors | |
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| Gyroscopic (Absolute) Angular-Displacement and Velocity Sensors | |
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| Coordinate-Measuring Machines | |
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| Surface-Finish Measurement | |
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| Machine Vision | |
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| The Global-Positioning System (GPS) | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Force, Torque, and Shaft Power Measurement | |
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| Standards and Calibration | |
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| Basic Methods of Force Measurement | |
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| Characteristics of Elastic Force Transducers | |
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| Bonded-Strain-Gage Transducers | |
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| Differential-Transformer Transducers | |
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| Piezoelectric Transducers | |
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| Variable-Reluctance/FM-Oscillator Digital Systems | |
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| Loading Effects | |
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| Resolution of Vector Forces and Moments into Rectangular Components | |
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| Torque Measurement on Rotating Shafts | |
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| Shaft Power Measurement (Dynamometers) | |
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| Gyroscopic Force and Torque Measurement | |
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| Vibrating-Wire Force Transducers | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Pressure and Sound Measurement | |
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| Standards and Calibration | |
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| Basic Methods of Pressure Measurement | |
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| Deadweight Gages and Manometers | |
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| Manometer Dynamics | |
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| Elastic Transducers | |
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| Vibrating-Cylinder and Other Resonant Transducers | |
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| Dynamic Effects of Volumes and Connecting Tubing | |
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| Liquid Systems Heavily Damped, and Slow-Acting | |
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| Liquid Systems Moderately Damped, and Fast-Acting | |
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| Gas Systems with Tube Volume a Small Fraction of Chamber Volume | |
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| Gas Systems with Tube Volume Comparable to Chamber Volume | |
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| The Infinite Line-Pressure Probe | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Dynamic Testing of Pressure-Measuring Systems | |
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| High-Pressure Measurement | |
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| Low-Pressure (Vacuum) Measurement | |
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| Diaphragm Gages | |
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| McLeod Gage | |
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| Knudsen Gage | |
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| Momentum-Transfer (Viscosity) Gages | |
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| Thermal-Conductivity Gages | |
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| Ionization Gages | |
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| Dual-Gage Technique | |
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| Sound Measurement | |
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| Sound-Level Meter | |
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| Microphones | |
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| Pressure Response of a Capacitor Microphone | |
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| Acoustic Intensity | |
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| Acoustic Emission | |
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| Pressure-Signal Multiplexing Systems | |
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| Special Topics | |
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| Pressure Distribution | |
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| Overpressure Protection for Gages and Transducers | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Flow Measurement | |
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| Local Flow Velocity, Magnitude and Direction | |
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| Flow Visualization | |
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| Velocity Magnitude from Pitot-Static Tube | |
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| Velocity Direction from Yaw Tube, Pivoted Vane, and Servoed Sphere | |
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| Dynamic Wind-Vector Indicator | |
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| Hot-Wire and Hot-Film Anemometers | |
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| Hot-Film Shock-Tube Velocity Sensors | |
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| Laser Doppler Anemometer | |
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| Gross Volume Flow Rate | |
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| Calibration and Standards | |
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| Constant-Area, Variable-Pressure-Drop Meters ("Obstruction" Meters) | |
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| Averaging Pitot Tubes | |
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| Constant-Pressure-Drop, Variable-Area Meters (Rotameters) | |
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| Turbine Meters | |
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| Positive-Displacement Meters | |
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| Metering Pumps | |
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| Electromagnetic Flowmeters | |
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| Drag-Force Flowmeters | |
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| Ultrasonic Flowmeters | |
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| Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters | |
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| Miscellaneous Topics | |
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| Gross Mass Flow Rate | |
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| Volume Flowmeter Plus Density Measurement | |
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| Direct Mass Flowmeters | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Temperature and Heat-Flux Measurement | |
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| Standards and Calibration | |
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| Thermal-Expansion Methods | |
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| Bimetallic Thermometers | |
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| Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers | |
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| Pressure Thermometers | |
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| Thermoelectric Sensors (Thermocouples) | |
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| Common Thermocouples | |
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| Reference-Junction Considerations | |
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| Special Materials, Configurations, and Techniques | |
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| Electrical-Resistance Sensors | |
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| Conductive Sensors (Resistance Thermometers) | |
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| Bulk Semiconductor Sensors (Thermistors) | |
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| Junction Semiconductor Sensors | |
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| Digital Thermometers | |
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| Radiation Methods | |
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| Radiation Fundamentals | |
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| Radiation Detectors: Thermal and Photon | |
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| Unchopped (DC) Broadband Radiation Thermometers | |
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| Chopped (AC) Broadband Radiation Thermometers | |
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| Chopped (AC) Selective-Band (Photon) Radiation Thermometers | |
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| Automatic Null-Balance Radiation Thermometers | |
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| Monochromatic-Brightness Radiation Thermometers (Optical Pyrometers) | |
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| Two-Color Radiation Thermometers | |
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| Blackbody-Tipped Fiber-Optic Radiation Thermometer | |
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| Fluoroptic Temperature Measurement | |
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| Infrared Imaging Systems | |
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| Temperature-Measuring Problems in Flowing Fluids | |
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| Conduction Error | |
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| Radiation Error | |
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| Velocity Effects | |
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| Dynamic Response of Temperature Sensors | |
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| Dynamic Compensation of Temperature Sensors | |
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| Heat-Flux Sensors | |
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| Slug-Type (Calorimeter) Sensors | |
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| Steady-State or Asymptotic Sensors (Gardon Gage) | |
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| Application Considerations | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Miscellaneous Measurements | |
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| Time, Frequency, and Phase-Angle Measurement | |
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| Liquid Level | |
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| Humidity | |
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| Chemical Composition | |
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| Current and Power Measurement | |
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| Using "Observers" to Measure Inaccessible Variables in a Physical System | |
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| Sensor Fusion (Complementary Filtering) | |
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| Absolute Angle Measurement | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Manipulation, Transmission, and Recording of Data | |
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| Manipulating, Computing, and Compensating Devices | |
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| Bridge Circuits | |
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| Amplifiers | |
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| Operational Amplifiers | |
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| Instrumentation Amplifiers | |
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| Transconductance and Transimpedance Amplifiers | |
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| Noise Problems, Shielding, and Grounding | |
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| Chopper, Chopper-Stabilized, and Carrier Amplifiers | |
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| Charge Amplifiers and Impedance Converters | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Filters | |
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| Low-Pass Filters | |
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| High-Pass Filters | |
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| Bandpass Filters | |
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| Band-Rejection Filters | |
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| Digital Filters | |
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| A Hydraulic Bandpass Filter for an Oceanographic Transducer | |
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| Mechanical Filters for Accelerometers | |
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| Filtering by Statistical Averaging | |
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| Integration and Differentiation | |
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| Integration | |
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| Differentiation | |
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| Dynamic Compensation | |
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| Positioning Systems | |
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| Addition and Subtraction | |
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| Multiplication and Division | |
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| Function Generation and Linearization | |
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| Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation | |
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| Voltage-to-Frequency and Frequency-to-Voltage Converters | |
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| Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters; Sample/Hold Amplifiers | |
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| Signal and System Analyzers (Spectrum Analyzers) | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Data Transmission and Instrument Connectivity | |
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| Cable Transmission of Analog Voltage and Current Signals | |
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| Cable Transmission of Digital Data | |
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| Fiber-Optic Data Transmission | |
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| Radio Telemetry | |
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| Pneumatic Transmission | |
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| Synchro Position Repeater Systems | |
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| Slip Rings and Rotary Transformers | |
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| Instrument Connectivity | |
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| Data Storage with Delayed Playback (An Alternative to Data Transmission) | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Voltage-Indicating and -Recording Devices | |
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| Standards and Calibration | |
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| Analog Voltmeters and Potentiometers | |
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| Digital Voltmeters and Multimeters | |
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| Electromechanical Servotype XT and XY Recorders | |
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| Thermal-Array Recorders and Data Acquisition Systems | |
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| Analog and Digital Cathode-Ray Oscilloscopes/Displays and Liquid-Crystal Flat-Panel Displays | |
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| Virtual Instruments | |
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| Magnetic Tape and Disk Recorders/Reproducers | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Data-Acquisition Systems for Personal Computers | |
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| Essential Features of Data-Acquisition Boards | |
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| The DASYLAB Data-Acquisition and -Processing Software | |
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| The DASYLAB Functional Modules | |
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| List and Brief Description of the Functional Modules | |
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| DASYLAB Simulation Example Number One | |
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| Simulating Sensor Signals and Recording Them versus Time | |
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| Stopping an Experiment at a Selected Time | |
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| Chart Recorder Options | |
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| Producing Tables or Lists | |
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| Analog and Digital Meters | |
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| Some Simple Data-Processing Operations | |
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| Integration and Differentiation | |
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| DASYLAB Simulation Example Number Two | |
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| Running the Demonstration | |
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| DASYLAB Simulation Example Number Three | |
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| Running the Demonstration | |
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| A Simple Real-World Experiment Using DASYLAB | |
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| Measurement Systems Applied to Micro- and Nanotechnology | |
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| Microscale Sensors | |
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| Micro-Motion-Positioning Systems | |
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| Particle Instruments and Clean-Room Technology | |
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| Partial-Pressure Measurements in Vacuum Processes | |
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| Magnetic Levitation Systems for Wafer Conveyors | |
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| Scanning-Probe Microscopes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |