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| Preface | |
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| Contributors | |
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| Parmenides (c. 515-c. 450 B.C.) | |
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| Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430 B.C.) | |
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| Protagoras of Abdera (c. 490-c. 420 B.C.) | |
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| Hippocrates (c. 460-c. 370 B.C.) | |
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| Plato (c. 429-347 B.C.) | |
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| Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) | |
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| Euclid (c. 350-c. 275 B.C.) | |
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| Epicurus (c. 341-c. 270 B.C.) | |
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| Archimedes (c. 287-212 B.C.) | |
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| Epictetus (c. A.D. 50-c. 125) | |
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| Ptolemy (c. A.D. 100-c. 175) | |
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| Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 121-180) | |
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| Sextus Empiricus (fl. A.D. 200) | |
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| Origen (c. A.D. 185-254) | |
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| Plotinus (c. A.D. 204-270) | |
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| Augustine, Saint (A.D. 354-430) | |
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| Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (c. A.D. 480-c. 525) | |
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| Anselm of Canterbury, Saint (1033-1109) | |
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| Abelard, Peter (1079-1142) | |
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| Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (1090-1153) | |
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| Maimonides, Moses (1135-1204) | |
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| Bonaventure, Saint (1217-1274) | |
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| Aquinas, Saint Thomas (1224?-1274) | |
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| Eckhart, Meister (c. 1260-c. 1327) | |
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| Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) | |
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| Ockham, William of (c. 1285-c. 1347) | |
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| Erasmus, Desiderius (1466-1536) | |
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| Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527) | |
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| Copernicus, Nicolas (1473-1543) | |
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| More, Thomas (1478-1535) | |
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| Luther, Martin (1483-1546) | |
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| Calvin, John (1509-1564) | |
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| Teresa of Avila, Saint (1515-1582) | |
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| Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592) | |
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| John of the Cross, Saint (1542-1591) | |
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| Bacon, Francis (1561-1626) | |
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| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | |
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| Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630) | |
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| Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) | |
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| Gassendi, Pierre (1592-1655) | |
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| Descartes, Rene (1596-1650) | |
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| More, Henry (1614-1687) | |
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| Cudworth, Ralph (1617-1688) | |
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| Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662) | |
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| Fox, George (1624-1691) | |
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| Spinoza, Benedict (1632-1677) | |
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| Locke, John (1632-1704) | |
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| Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715) | |
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| Newton, Isaac (1642-1727) | |
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| Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) | |
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| Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706) | |
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| Vico, Giambattista (1668-1744) | |
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| Berkeley, George (1685-1753) | |
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| Voltaire [Francois Marie Arouet] (1694-1778) | |
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| Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758) | |
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| Hume, David (1711-1776) | |
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| Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (17l2-1778) | |
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| Smith, Adam (1723-1790) | |
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| Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) | |
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| Paine, Thomas (1737-1809) | |
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| Condorcet, Marie-Jean Antoine Nicholas de Caritat, Marquis de (1743-1794) | |
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| Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent (1743-1794) | |
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| Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826) | |
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| Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832) | |
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| Godwin, William (1756-1836) | |
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| Blake, William (1757-1827) | |
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| Wollenstonecraft, Mary (1759-1797) | |
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| Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834) | |
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| Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) | |
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| Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855) | |
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| Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860) | |
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| Comte, Auguste (1798-1857) | |
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| Newman, John Henry, Cardinal (1801-1882) | |
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| Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882) | |
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| Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873) | |
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| Darwin, Charles (1809-1882) | |
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| Kierkegaard, Soren (1813-1855) | |
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| Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862) | |
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| Marx, Karl (1818-1883) | |
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| Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903) | |
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| Mendel, Gregor Johann (1822-1884) | |
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| Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879) | |
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| Mendeleev, Dimitri Ivanovich (1834-1907) | |
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| Peirce, Charles Sanders (1839-1914) | |
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| James, William (1842-1910) | |
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| Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900) | |
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| Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939) | |
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| Planck, Max (1858-1947) | |
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| Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938) | |
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| Bergson, Henri (1859-1941) | |
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| Dewey, John (1859-1952) | |
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| Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947) | |
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| Satayana, George (1863-1952) | |
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| Weber, Max (1864-1920) | |
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| Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de (1864-1936) | |
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| Croce, Benedetto (1866-1952) | |
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| Russell, Bertrand (1872-1970) | |
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| Jung, Carl Gustav (1875-1961) | |
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| Buber, Martin (1878-1965) | |
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| Einstein, Albert (1879-1955) | |
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| Teilhard de Chardln, Pierre (1881-1955) | |
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| Ortega y Gasset, Jose (1883-1955) | |
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| Bohr, Niels (1885-1962) | |
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| Tillich, Paul (1886-1965) | |
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| Schrodinger, Erwin (1887-1961) | |
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| Collingwood, Robin George (1889-1943) | |
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| Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951) | |
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| Toynbee, Arnold (1889-1975) | |
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| Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976) | |
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| Niebuhr, Reinbold (1892-1971) | |
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| Heisenberg, Werner (1901-1976) | |
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| Rahner, Karl (1904-1984) | |
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| Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-1980) | |
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| Beauvoir, Simone de (1908-1986) | |
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| Weil, Simone (1909-1943) | |
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| Camus, Albert (1913-1960) | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Thinker Index | |